Child Beauty Pageants

A child's world is fresh and new and beautiful, full of wonder and excitement. It is our misfortune that for most of us that clear-eyed vision, that true instinct for what is beautiful and awe-inspiring, is dimmed and even lost before we reach adulthood. ~ Rachel Carson The year was 1920. The First World War ended and the women’s movement began to take off. 1920 also marked the first year of the American beauty pageant. This was a groundbreaking year, as women from all over the United States were given the opportunity to show their talent, outer beauty and inner intelligence. Little did our country know, that 40 years later, children as young as 10 months old would be competing in beauty pageants. 1960 marked the first child beauty pageant in America and started a major American trend. Since the tragic death of JonBenet Ramsey in 1996, child beauty pageants have been a hot topic of debate. Ramsey’s death opened a new door to the skepticism of beauty pageants by allowing the media into the world of child beauty pageants through more curious eyes. These eyes began to see beauty pageants as a threat to children and their safety; being exposed to the world at such a young age with a made-up face of inappropriate maturity (Buzzle, par. 1). Destruction of the child’s self esteem and constant attentiveness to appearance are major cons that continue to grow. Cons of unremarkable expenses, loss of educational interest and loss of innocence also remain, strengthening the fact that beauty pageants are harmful to children who compete in them. A child’s self-esteem is a fragile element. Advocates for child pageants believe beauty pageants boost children’s self-esteem by the attention they receive for being dolled up, dancing and singing and winning awards for placing higher than the other children. But as fast as self-esteem can be built up by a sentence of praise or a trophy, it can be just as easily shut down by not being good enough for someone else and losing. The amount of pressure put on children to excel in a pageant is astounding. When the child has outside pressure of excelling and winning a pageant, the effects of a loss are damaging. Children become easily frustrated at such a young age and often cannot understand why the massive amount of pressure was put upon them for no reason. The main focus of winning that the parents stress on their child is unnecessary and unhealthy to the child’s mind. A healthier alternative to building a child’s self-esteem would be to enroll he or she in a community team sport. Youth sports give children the chance to participate and earn a sense accomplishment without being let down under pressure. Although child beauty pageants contest to specific age ranges, the judging is no different than the Miss America Pageant. Child beauty pageants consist of modeling sportswear, evening attire, dance and talent. The children are judged based on individuality in looks, capability, poise, perfection and confidence. As the judges call it, â€Å"the complete package† (Minorcon, par. 3). Children are constantly exposed to the newest hair extensions, longest-lasting make-up and latest clothing lines all in effort to beat out their fellow three-year old. These pageants are preparing young children for their teen and adult years at too early of an age. Child beauty pageants play a uniquely powerful role in defining what is attractive in our society by ranking and awarding the physical attractiveness of children. This constant reminder of putting hair and make-up above all else is disturbing and forces children to be concerned with superficial issues that have no long-term value. With cosmetic innovations being created and perfected, radical pageant parents have gone to great lengths to perfect their child. â€Å"When some of the children lost baby teeth that had not been replaced by pageant time, their parents fit them with false teeth. When a girl’s hair was too short to curl like Barbie’s, fake additions were fitted† (Harvard, par. 8-9). These â€Å"fixes† cost thousands of dollars that could be put toward a more beneficial and long-term career. Not only are the cosmetic alterations breaking the banks of these parents, but the additional pageant costs are making a dent in their wallets too. â€Å"There is a minimum cost of $545 to enter the pageant, which covers basic entry fees. Another $395 is needed for the maximum options of this pageant,† (Minorcon, par. 3). These â€Å"maximum options† might include staple clothing, such as tights or tank tops. All additional clothing, including sportswear, eveningwear, talent clothing, not to mention the â€Å"must have† accessories, is up to the parents to pick from the money tree in the back yard. This money should not be spent on pre-maturely advancing a child’s appearance, but should be saved for activities such as youth sports, or better yet a college fund! Several studies have been done on child beauty pageant contestants to seek out their experiences and thoughts rather than their parents’. Researchers are curious especially concerning contestants’ thoughts on further education. The real concern should be on future education needs; all of the girls aged eight to ten interviewed by A Network were not concerned with further education† (Par. 4). Many pageant girls have false aspirations of becoming a model, and while aspirations are crucial for any child, the dreams of becoming a model are slim to none after coming out of the child pageant life. Althou gh education is not necessarily effected at that present moment, the participating children do not plan ahead based on their mind and intelligence they will gain by attending school, but rather on their appearances. Lastly, the loss of innocence from these beauty pageants is devastating. Fake plastic smiles, false eyelashes and polished appearance spoil a child’s innocence. Children grow up to think that the only way to earn money is through exploitation of their bodies, which is not true. These children are the future of our world. A child’s growing years are important as they form the foundation for the development of body and mind. Childhood is the time for them to play, not learn poise. It’s the time for them to be mischievous and not polished. It’s the time for them to do well in academics and not exhibit their bodies. Children are more beautiful covered in mud than when covered in make-up. Works Cited The Whys and Woes of Beauty Pageants. 08 June 2000. Harvard. edu. 08 February 2010. Child Beauty Pageants. 12 January 2010. Buzzle. com. 08 February 2010. Beauty Pageants do More Harm Than Good. 16 December 2007. Debate. org. 07 February 2010. Beauty Pageants: Good, Bad, or Plain Ugly. 06 March 2004. Buzzle. com. 07 February 2010. Child Beauty Pageants Beauty Pageants: From the Title of Mini Supreme to America’s Next Top Model English 106 Cassie Robinson 3 Otober 2012 Abstract Beauty pageants have changed drastically in the past fifty years. Beauty pageants used to be all adult females who dressed in their Sunday best and walked on the catwalk at the county fair. Now, little children are decked out in glitzy outfits, have wigs that make their hair twice as long, and have teeth to make it seem like their baby teeth haven’t fallen out yet.In this literature review, I reviewed different articles, some against child beauty pageants and some that showed a firsthand look into the beauty pageants. Based on the reviews, I have made a decision as to whether child beauty pageants are good for those involved or not. Hundreds wait in silence as the announcer walks to the stage. â€Å"And the first place award goes to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The pause is added for dramatic effect, as if these parents and children need any more drama in the ir lives. Hair is pulled, tears are shed, and crowns are won.This is just another typical weekend for those in the pageant world. The views of beauty pageants have drastically changed within the past decade. Some think pageants are used to exploit little children and are a way for mothers to live vicariously through their daughters who are winning crowns and money. Others believe they are just a more drastic way for their children to play dress up and win money while doing it. The six articles chosen for this literature review will discuss one side of the argument.Something eye-catching in the article, â€Å"Toddlers in Tiaras,† written by Skip Hollandsworth in 2011 was the line, â€Å"And you know what I hate? All these years later, I’ve still got this anxiety about feeling like I have to be perfect† (Hollandsworth, 2011). This is how Brooke Breedwell feels about pageants now, after being a pageant queen from age three months to eight years old. After telling h er mother she wanted to quit pageants and emphasizing it by throwing a curling iron at her, Breedwell finally gave up the lavish pageant life due to stress.Even as an eight year old, the stress was too much to handle. â€Å"The promise of a tiara has always been a fast, easy sell to young girls who pine to be princesses,† (Hollandsworth, 2011) which is something all girls and their mothers want. In order to win that crown, there are many time consuming tasks that must be done before the pageant. There are layers of makeup to be put on, eyebrows to be waxed, natural hair and fake wigs to be curled, fingernails to be manicured, bronzer to be applied to arms and legs, dresses to be sewn, and dances and routines to be learned.It is enough to stress any eight year old out. After all of this work and stress, it would be downright heartbreaking to find that someone else has beaten you for the title of Grand Supreme. This article is different from the others I chose to include in my literature review in the sense that it discusses not only the stresses that pageant girls go through, but also some of the legal situations that have been brought about thanks to the pageant world. JonBenet Ramsey is a name that is famous all around the world.The six-year-old pageant beauty who would have gone on to be the next Marilyn Monroe who was found murdered in her home on Christmas morning. For a couple months afterwards, pageants seemed taboo, but then, even in the wake of JonBenet’s murder, pageants became even more famous. Little girls are being trained to dance provocatively and blow kisses at their judges from a young age and these videos end up online and even on TV. These videos are made to be public so others can see the awards and crowns the little girls win and anyone, including pedophiles, can access them. On TV, the shows not only give the names of these children, but they also tell you what towns these little girls live in,† (Hollandsworth, 2011) wh ich would give these pedophiles easy access to track down the little girls. This would not be hard to do with the way our society is turning to technology. One article, â€Å"Is the Media to Blame for Child Sex Victims,† written by Mark Davidson in 1997, discusses the media’s association with beauty pageants even further. Americans support multi-million dollar activities that exploit children and promote the provocativeness of them, such as beauty pageants.Beauty pageants, â€Å"commercially flaunt kids’ bodies, often converting preteen and preschool girls into sex puppets adorned with lipstick, mascara, false eyelashes, bleached hair, high heels, and satin-and-rhinestone gowns and professionally coached in showgirl postures and movements,† (Davidson, 1997) which leads to controversial topics like the 1996 sexual molestation and murder of JonBenet Ramsey. There are many movies, such as â€Å"Lolita† and â€Å"Pretty Baby,† that portray young girls as being involved in sexual situations with older men.This leads to young girls growing up to believe this is acceptable. What makes this article different is that it does not revolve around beauty pageants, but around the media and its involvement in child pornography and exploitation of girls at a young age. Hollywood and the likes, â€Å"engage in massive pimping for child temptresses,† (Davidson, 1997) which intrigues young minds and makes them believe that since it is accepted in media, it is accepted in everyday society.Only after JonBenet had been murdered did the media look for moral guidance to see if what it was displaying was appropriate. A little girl who had not even started kindergarten had to be murdered before the media questioned their morals. The press argues that, â€Å"the tiny contestants really want to participate, as if they are capable of giving informed consent to their own victimization,† (Davidson, 1997), when in all actuality, the chi ldren have no concept of what is really happening. My next article, â€Å"Toddlers and Tiaras TOO MUCH TOO SOON? written by Charlotte Triggs in 2011, is a continuation of the stresses of being in the pageant world. It is not only stressful on the children, who are the main event of the pageants, but also on the parents. These parents put their children through the pageants and shell out the money for entrance fees, homemade dresses and flippers, which are fake teeth for the girls who are losing their baby teeth. â€Å"You’re never going to win that money back, even if they win every weekend,† (Triggs, West, Aradillas, 2011) said one mother about the pageant life.So, if there are no perks of being in pageants other than seeing their daughters win crowns, why do the mothers go through the stress and lose money to pageants? The same mother then went on to say, â€Å"But you’ve got to do it because your kid loves and excels at it and it’s something you enjo y as a family,† (Triggs, West, Aradillas, 2011). So if families are happy watching their children in pageants, then they are more than willing to put up with the stress. In addition to the stresses of ageantry and reasons for participating, things such as the confusing life moments and the decisions pageant girls go through are discussed in the article. While most girls their age are out playing with Barbies with their friends, these girls are dressed as Barbie and have a twisted view of how they should look. â€Å"Little girls should play with dolls, not be dolls,† (Triggs, West, Aradillas, 2011) said a New York-based clinical social worker. The girls are being dressed in outfits that are more suited for a stripper than a preschooler, and it can have a negative effect on them in the long run.The girls grow up being obsessed with their appearance and may look into different ways to keep up the appearances they once had, such as plastic surgery or eating disorders. These factors will affect the young girls before they are even in high school. The next article, â€Å"Pretty Babies,† written by Rosemary Ellis in 2011, discusses the way the author viewed beauty pageants when she was younger compared to how she views them now, as an adult. When Ellis was younger, beauty pageants were only seen at the county fair, which came only once a year, in the month of August.The fair itself was a magical time for Ellis, not to mention getting to see girls ranging from elementary to college age walk across a stage in their Sunday best and giving the judges their best smile. Today, the adult pageants are overlooked and, â€Å"the Miss America pageant has become so irrelevant that it lets ABC air the show for free,† (Ellis, 2011) because of the recent explosion of pageants for little girls. There are more than five thousand of these pageants across the country. This article differentiates from the rest in the sense that the author compared the pageants known in her childhood to the pageants that are shown now.In the pageants now, the girls are spray-tanned and covered in makeup, and the studio pictures they take before pageants are edited so much that one would not be able to recognize the little girl if she walked up to them on a sidewalk. Ellis goes on to examine the outfits the little girls are wearing now, seeing clothing that, â€Å"gathers to suggest a bust and has slogans across the chest or rear that are more suited to a stripper than a first grader,† (Ellis, 2009). These clothes send out provocative messages not only to girls in the pageant world, but also to all little girls who see the clothing and get used to it at a young age.Most people only see the mother/ daughter side of pageantry, never the father/ daughter side of it, which my next article, â€Å"Father Knows Glitz,† written by Joey Bartolomeo in 2010, discusses. Dads who are involved in pageants are not only single dads or gay dads; they are also just everyday, hard-working dads who love to see their daughters happy when they win an award. Not only are there soccer and football dads, but there are now pageant dads. Not all of them are dragged into it, either.Some, like Lon Enos, a tattooed, burly man, like being the pageant dad just because â€Å"It’s fun and it’s cool,† (Bartolomeo, 2010), an opinion that would differ from the quintessential man in America who watches football or baseball on the weekends instead of competing in pageants with his daughters. Compared to the other articles, this one stands out because it gives a firsthand view from a pageant dad, rather than the typical pageant mom. Compared to pageant moms who tend to try to live vicariously through their daughters, the dads are usually more relaxed and laid back although some can be intense.Even things such as making a dress, â€Å"I’m not spending $6,000 for a dress when it takes me three hours to make one,† (Bartolomeo, 2010) or building a new shelf for crowns and sashes become jobs for a pageant dad to do. The braver of the pageant dads will even get up on stage with their daughters and help them with their routines. â€Å"There will be enough time for them to be women. For now, let’s just allow them to be little girls,† is a quote from Staceyann Chin in her article, â€Å"Beauty and the Boob Tube,† written in 2009.Chin came across the show â€Å"Toddlers in Tiaras† while procrastinating on a project she was working on. Much to her dismay, she was drawn in to the show, which reminded her, â€Å"of dog shows—tiny, powerless competitors trained to do as they are told, with trainers who exploit their charges to gain fame and fortune and live out some archaic dream they once had for themselves,† (Chin, 2009). Seeing the little girls being rewarded for their beauty made Chin feel uncomfortable because of an incident that happened when she was younger.Her grandm other’s friend would have the young Chin sit on his lap and he told her if she smiled for him, he would give her a coin. Her grandmother would always take away the coins when he left, saying, â€Å"Any money you make on your back will hurt your head,† (Chin, 2009). Many of the top ranked girls in pageants receive prizes such as checks and cash prizes, signifying being paid for looking pretty. This was after they got all dressed up, went out on stage, had their eyes, hair, and legs judged by adults, and then moved their hips in a suggestive manner.The pageant world is training the girls for a future that is not too great. Meaning, the pageant world is training them to look to others for judgment instead of trusting and believing in themselves, or that they need to look really good all the time or people will not like them. â€Å"I wanted to rush in—save these girls from an experience that would make them self-conscious about their little bellies, bottoms, and cu te button noses,† (Chin, 2009) is the way most people feel while watching the show, and yet, they are hooked and cannot wait for the next episode.It is the way the media portray the drama of the show that keeps viewers like Chin attached to the show. That is what makes this article different from the rest. It discusses the media involvement in the pageant world. Along with videos of these girls being put on the Internet, shows such as â€Å"Toddlers in Tiaras† and â€Å"Honey Boo Boo† which exploit the girls at a young age are also televised, causing the girls to live with their young pageantry for the rest of their lives, even though they may not have made the decision to participate themselves.After walking out on stage and, â€Å"dramatically ripping off a black, sheer robe to reveal a sparkly bathing suit,† (Chin, 2009) one little girl’s mother â€Å"kept trying to make her say she loved pageants and that she was a pageant girl. The toddler wou ld not repeat either phrase,† (Chin, 2009). Has the world of pageants changed so much that the toddlers who are the bane of all existence for the pageants do not even want to say they love pageants?Most people believe children who participate in beauty pageants are at a higher risk of having psychological and body image issues when they get older. While most think the pageants are bad for children, there are those who believe the pageants are a job for the children and give them careers for later in life. Based on the articles I have read and reviewed, I conclude that child beauty pageants are not good for those involved. References Bartolomeo, J. (2010). FATHER KNOWS GLITZ. People, 74(16), 64-71. Retrievedfrom EBSCOhost. Chin, S. (2009).Beauty & the Boob Tube. Advocate, (1026), 76. Retrieved fromEBSCOhost. Davidson, M. (1997, September). Is media to blame for child sex victims?. USA TodayMagazine. p. 60. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Ellis, R. (2011). Pretty Babies. Good Housekee ping, 252(8), 21. RetrievedfromEBSCOhost. HOLLANDSWORTH, S. (2011). Toddlers in Tiaras. Good Housekeeping, 252(8), 150-194. Retrievedfrom EBSCOhost. Triggs, C. , West, K. , & Aradillas, E. (2011). Toddlers & Tiaras TOO MUCH TOOSOON? (Cover story). People, 76(12), 160-168. Retrievedfrom EBSCOhost. Child Beauty Pageants Child Beauty Pageants While beauty pageants started in the 1920’s, children’s beauty pageants began in the 1960’s. This is when the predicament all began. Equally important is the definition of child abuse. It is defined as the exploitation of a child. Children in beauty pageants are exploited at a very over powering rate. Since there is so much exploitation, it should be considered child abuse. Due to parental involvement, children participate in pageants that damage them physically, mentally, and emotionally, prohibiting them from appropriately socializing in society.Before and during beauty pageants, there are many preparations that happen. Before the beauty pageants, the children’s parents get them tans and flippers which are a type of falsified teeth. After that, the parents either wax or even clear up any imperfections they may have like wrinkles, bushy eyebrows, and/or messed up hair. At the pageants, the girls get covered with make-up in the hopes of hiding any imperfections the child may have. The child is then dressed in whatever attire they are required to wear.For example: dresses, swimsuits, formal attire, and/or casual. After that, the girls will model their attire to the judges. Pageants will continue on into the talent portion in which the children will show their talents to judges. The talents vary from dance routines to karaoke, or even simply doing a catwalk. Child beauty pageants only judge based on looks and pure perfection. There are many damages that those requirements put on children. These requirements at times go as far to making five to six year olds look like sixteen to twenty year olds (Grosaru).The children are made to look more mature than what they are. Writer Frank Rich says â€Å"Today the merchandising of children as sexual commodities is ubiquitous and big business. † Referring to this statement, this shows that it also makes it easier for them to be made susceptible to pedophiles, eventuall y at times ending with the child being harmed physically by one of those men or women. Other than being subjected to that type of danger, the children are also subjected to cosmetic damages as well. Botox is one of the common cosmetic tools used.This is used to make the children appear â€Å"perfect† with no marks or any types of imperfections. One mother Kerry Campbell gave her eight year old daughter Botox and her excuses for giving her daughter this drug was one to give her a head start in pageants and second because all the other moms were doing it (Thompson). Many mothers like Kerry Campbell may be doing this type of abuse to their children because simply they want their child to be ahead in the pageants. Injecting a child with a dangerous chemical just to get a ahead in a child beauty pageant is a clear example of child abuse.The mental afflictions that the pageants cause to the children are numerous. Pageant mothers begin to create anxiety by the continuous moving from hotel to hotel. This keeps the child from having a normal home. In addition to this, there is no time for the children to socialize with friends in their own hometowns. They are not able to socialize with society at large. Now some of pageant parents argue that their children are able to make friends when they’re participating in the pageants.This is false and quickly disproven when the children are given the infamous speech of â€Å"no other girl is your friend here. † This speech begins to create paranoia about ever making friends or socializing with peers of their age (Grosaru). Other than creating anxiety and paranoia, there is also self destruction of self-image because they are made to think their body must be a certain way and their hair. This is called being â€Å"A little Barbie† (Nusseara). Mothers also can cause confusion within the child because of the beauty pageants.Mothers who had only boys try to make their boys into girls by making them partici pate in pageants. This causes the child to have confusion about their sexuality and this should not be done to a child. Such gender confusion and lack of self esteem in the name of a pageant are s clear signs of child abuse on the part of the parent. The parent should help the child to build their self esteem and not tear it down. There is a type of Darwinism that is incorporated in these pageants which is the fear the parents have of their children being losers (Giroux).Psychologist David Elkind says, â€Å"Parents use to be worried about if their children were good at school, but now they are only worried if their child are so called losers at school. † Parents create this emotional destruction within the children. The children begin to fear of becoming losers or disappointments to their parents so they are continuously rehearsing how to be perfect every day. In these pageants, the moms try to relive their own fantasy of what they once used to do or what they never got to e xperience themselves (Grosaru).This is abuse as the parents are only entering the child in the pageant for their selfish need to relive a glory day. The mothers go as far as lying about their child’s age to give them an advantage in the competition. This begins to make the child feel guilty about lying afflicting the emotional impairment to the child. In the 1960’s, children’s beauty pageants were created on the intention of showing off the innocence of children; when in reality it was use to exploit the children and make a profit off of them by making them dress inappropriately and not advocating their well being.This exploitation of the children is pure child abuse and nothing else. The children of these parents should be taken away for their safety. Laws or regulations should be made to insure the well-being of the children. Children who participate in beauty pageants all suffer physical, mental, and emotional damage; which keeps them from appropriately socia lizing in society and developing normally.

Brand and River Blindness

Stake for Vagelos as CEO and for Merck as a company in deciding whether to invest in Dr. Campbell’s idea Although Dr. Campbell’s idea of a drug (Ivermectin) that could cure River blindness was a path-breaking opportunity for Merck, the company was faced with a number of ethical, financial and moral issues that forced its CEO to undergo deep thought and contemplation before investing in this idea. * Feasibility: There were concerns about the use of this drug on humans and the potential adverse side effects, if any. High Costs: The high costs associated with research and development coupled with the fact that the drug was to be used by lower income groups meant that it showed little or no economic promise. * Cannibalization: From a pure business standpoint, Merck worried that this drug could cannibalize profits from the animal version of the drug through the creation of possible black markets in the affected countries. Percentage of research budget that Merck should inves t in drugs that will produce a substandard return on investmentAs a company that produces drugs to cure diseases in both humans and animals, Merck operates in a complex dynamic that requires it to take decisions that may not lead to profitability. Further, its corporate philosophy always revolved around the fact that the company’s first priority was the safety of people and only then did profits follow. I, therefore, believe that Merck should invest a large amount ( ~80%) of its research budget even on drugs that will produce a substandard ROI, provided the drugs promise to fully cure diseases without harmful side effects and they are the first in the market to do so.This could help them build a strong brand equity, goodwill and reputation in the long run thereby creating a foundation for profitability in future. For instance, I believe that Merck has a social responsibility and a moral obligation to invest heavily in the cure for River blindness. Merck’s explanation t o a shareholder who might complain about a decision to invest in research on River blindnessMerck could use the following points to strengthen its decision to invest: * Improves image of the company: The decision will lead to a positive impression about the management and its commitment leading to high brand equity and good reputation, resulting in future profits. * Improves employee productivity: Working towards a philosophy that the company consistently stands for will motivate employees and lead to higher job satisfaction thereby increasing employee productivity and hence profits. Attracts support from investors and society: The decision could be a significant differentiating factor. This coupled with superior brand image could generate investor interest and support from the community. It could also be used as a marketing tool. Merck’s selection of drugs to invest in As stated earlier, Merck must strive to achieve a balance between profitability and corporate social respon sibility.The following criteria could be used to make decisions: * Definite and safe treatment: The drugs have a strong potential to result in safe treatment to life-threatening diseases, without harmful side effects. * First mover advantage: Merck must invest in drugs that give it a strong advantage to develop patents and move into market spaces that are unexplored by other drug companies. * Profitability: While it must remain true to its corporate philosophy, it must also target profitability to sustain itself and maintain its position in the industry in the long run.

Audit - Assurance - and Compliance Trimester

The company, Bio Sustainable Feeds Ltd of Australia Is mainly engaged in the research and development process related to different eco-friendly products including fish feed. So far the case study says, the engagement of Bio Sustainable Fish Feeds Ltd in the research of fish feed had faced early setback when their effort towards research of exploring new range of fish feed with the ingredients of earthly items like canola, corn, soya-bean, sunflower, etc. could not be able to produce desired result. To hour their effort with constant endeavor to excel in the field of environmental friendly fish feed had been recognized by Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization or CSIRO by extending a grant of AUD 500 million with specific terms and conditions of spending the money in the activity of research on the eco-friendly fish feed  (Morgan, 2015). The company had engaged themselves with further research in this filed of fish feed by exploring the scope of deploying ingredients like wood chips, cane residue or captured methane gas from different sources, which had seen some success in the respective field in the context of feed products increasing the weight of the valuable fishes like salmon, tuna, trout with reasonable satisfactory standard. The respective company will undergo a audit program by a professional audit agency who will undertake the assignment after verifying certain issues like the detection of audit risk, the financial accounting documents and with the context of certification of the claim of the company related to their exclusive patent right and TBL as per GPFS of BSF ltd. As per the standard procedure, the audit firm has to set steps of audit before the assignment is to be started. There are different opinions of fixation of steps of audit for any assignment which is depending upon the volume of documents to be checked and assessing the gravity of the situation which is needed for concluding part through generation of audit report. Steps are basically framed in macro level with planning of audit, conducting audit and conclusion of the audit activity. These steps are divided micro level of activities to be compliant of audit purpose  (Asic, 2016). These steps will be discussed as follows to understand the utility of these steps and the respective outcome these steps can produce to make the final audit report for the stakeholders of the company. The basic requirements of an audit program is to be entertained with the steps of audit program and these preliminary steps are more essential to ensure the accuracy of the audit process and ultimately to provide with the best possible audit report to the process owner and other stakeholders of the company  (Penn, 2016). Planning of audit is divided into different micro aspects which are being appended below: To plan any audit assignment, first to derive by the auditor is to ascertain of the assignment is suitable for the auditors. The identity of an auditor for any assignment is unique and in any case auditor should not get involved with any such assignment which is of material interest. The auditor has to ensure that he is not at all attached to the company by any means with some material interest and except for the purpose of audit, the auditor should not get involved in any sort of such activity which is directing towards any sort of interest of the auditor with the company or any such activity which is related to company other than of audit process. It is also advised to introduce fresh personnel in the audit process to have fresh outlook on the process  (Penn, 2016). To ensure the above point, the auditor and his team should involve themselves in the derivation of the size of the audit process along with the scope of the audit work. To ensure this, there should be an homework to ascertain how the members of the audit team will get involve in the process with the specific time limit to be fixed related to this assignment.   Also it is to be noted if any special investigation is to be done any specific issues which is related to work-intensive. These elements can make the leader of the audit team about fixing the number of team members for successful completion of audit assignment  (Acca, 2016).  Ã‚   Prior to staring the audit process, the team leader should assess the probable areas which may produce potential mistakes which will be caused due to misstatement in the reports of financial accounting system of the company. The right spade of ding this is the highly professional and experienced background of the team leader. This identification process can be done though the knowledge of the company with the past financial statements and as because this is of subjective nature; the team leader should depend upon his self-judgment.   Post the introductory assessment, the auditor has to fix the strategy of undertaken audit assessment by segregating different activities to be done which should include identifying the critical area of interests depending upon which the task assignment is to be made with the factor of time limit by which the job is to be done  (Asic, 2016). It is the execution part of the audit assignment which includes different micro activities like advance intimation, verification of concerned documents, like financial accounting statement and relevant documents, compliance of statutory obligation, reviewing of the audit process and making of draft audit report. It is the first step of conducting audit to place the intimation to the company in which the audit process is to be taken care. The intimation should be in black and white and will contain the start date of the audit process with proposed completion date,   checklist of documents and records pertaining to the financial accounting to be made available for the purpose of audit, well in advance for the period specified for which the audit process will take place  (Mediacongo, 2015). The basic criterion of any audit process is to ensure proper verification of financial accounting documents and records in the form of receipts, payments and the respective entries in journal and ledger. The main job of auditing is to verify the documents provided by the company with proper checking. The documents such ought to be verified are statements, registers and records. While checking the application of mind with the professional knowledge is required for checking and subsequent derivation of judgment. The documents and records are to be substantiated with the respective journal and ledger entries which are instrumental for the process of finalization of accounts; hence this is the most discrete part of the entire audit operation  (Mediacongo, 2015). The statutory obligations for any company arise from the implication of several taxes payable by the company through the generation of business. It is the obligatory part of the company to ensure the payment of taxes and other statutory compliance within specified period; otherwise the company will face liability by penalty and interest, being a defaulter. Hence it is one of the important areas to find out by auditor that the compliance in the said field is properly ensured by the company.   After the audit is over, the generation of financial review report is compulsory with the view of the auditor. The same report is to be forwarded to the management of the company for required clarification in different issues which are found not abiding by the system and the process of the company. Post all these activities, the auditor has to furnish the recommendation which will guide the company to make their strategies to be reviewed or fixed as per the constitution of the company. Violation on any issues must be highlighted with the preferred recommendation of the auditor to get rid of such instances. After all activities related to audit process is over, the auditor ahs to handover the necessary copies to the respective stakeholders with signature. The report is to be signed by the director of the company simultaneously as a token of acceptance of the facts revealed in the audit. With all the above steps to be completed, the audit process comes to an end for any specific financial period of the company concerned. The audit report will be elementary for the company to find out the lacuna of the system adopted by the company with clear and transparent recommendation to avoid those in future so far accounting standard is concerned. When the auditor will take the assignment of BSF Ltd. Preferably these steps will be adopted for a professional audit of the company. Audit risk is a regular feature for determining if the assignment is to be taken or not. There are three types of risks prevalent in this segment- inherent risk, control risk and detection risk. It is that type of risk which is inherent in nature within the culture of the company due to misstatement of subject appearing in the financial statement of the company. Inherent risk is featured in the high range where it s found that high level of judgment is involved to encounter complex transactions observed in the process  (Accounting-simplified, 2010). This risk is generated from the activities which are arising out of the lesser –practice of internal control which subsequently leaves the scope of high level of material misstatement. To mitigate control risk, high level of multi-layer internal control check is to be implemented with the professional knowledge in the respective field of accounting and finance. This risk arises when the auditor can not detect the focus area and put highlight on the areas which are not so important, and at the same time ignoring the areas which are of more importance is status. This situation arises when the auditor is getting confused with the issues arising during the process of audit  (Unifr, 2016). The acceptable model of risk assessment determination is practiced with the below formula:- Audit risk= Inherent risk x control risk x detection risk   In this case the assumed audit risk is derived with the coefficient provided in case of BSF Ltd.:- Inherent risk = 90%, control risk =5% and detection risk = 80% Thus audit risk derived is = 90% x5% x 80% or 0.036 This audit is risk is reasonable, if the audit firm is accepting. Otherwise the audit firm has to follow the specified benchmark they follow for derivation of audit risk  (Unifr, 2016). Following is the audit program for BSF Ltd.: The Assigned audit firm has to assess the audit risk and then serve a notice to the management of BSF Ltd with the time limit and the requirement of the financial documents of BSF Ltd. along with acceptance of the assignment. To start with the process, schedule of audit is to be made containing the detailed program and the time limit with assigned members of the audit team. The plan of audit is the next step which should emphasize on the objective, scope and detection of critical area of the audit to be made on BSF Ltd. Management of audit process is the most vital step of audit program which is the responsibility of the team leader who will concentrate on the schedule and ensure compliance of audit plan. Submission of the draft audit report to the management for further discussion on the gray areas of observation is the next step with highlighting the discrepancies found during the course of audit(Cag, 2011).    Spent on research 1 st installment   Expense on procurement of fixed assets for research   Spent on research 2 nd    installment   Spent on research 3 rd and final   installment Observations of the journal entries related to CSIRO grant and R & D expenses: CSIRO grant had been booked properly in the books of financial accounting. R & D expenses are booked as per expenses made with the conditions applied as per CSIRO TBL or Triple Bottom Line concept endorses the concept of compliance of any organization by exposing their concern about social environmental and economical bottom line. As per BSF Ltd. they are claiming their compliance of TBL through GPFS and they need the certification of the same from the auditor. So far their activities of research with the eco friendly ingredients are proved, and with their endeavor to serve the society through their efforts they are substantially comply the same along with the economic bottom line of profit generation. Hence the claim may be certified with true and fair observations from the auditor. It is found that BSFR had acquired the patent of the product which is the result of their effort exploiting the environment friendly bacterial based resource. Their patent is being allowed on the subject with the product they have explored. But the entire field of bacterial based feeds technology can’t be their claim area as patent. Hence the claim such placed may not be allowed by the auditor keeping in mind the said factor of covering entire range of that technology  (Acca, 2016). Acca. (2016, May 31). Planning an Audit of Financial Statements. Retrieved September 22, 2016, from accaglobal: https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/exam-support-resources/professional-exams-study-resources/p7/technical-articles/audit-financial-statements.html Accounting-simplified. (2010). Audit Risk Model Inherent Risk, Control Risk & Detection Risk. Retrieved September 20, 2016, from https://accounting-simplified.com/audit/risk-assessment/audit-risk.html Aicpa. (2006). Audit Risk and Materiality in Conducting an Audit. Effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after December 15, 2006. Earlier application is permitted; https://www.aicpa.org/Research/Standards/AuditAttest/DownloadableDocuments/AU-00312.pdf , 47 (107), 1647-1662. Asic. (2016). Are you a large or small proprietary company. Retrieved September 17, 2016, from https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/financial-reporting-and-audit/preparers-of-financial-reports/are-you-a-large-or-small-proprietary-company/ Cag. (2011, March 31). Audit Plan. Retrieved September 22, 2016, from Cag: https://dgace.cag.gov.in/pdf/AMG-III-Audit-Plan.pdf Mediacongo. (2015, April 15). ToR Audit BSF-IA Final. Retrieved September 17, 2016, from mediacongo: www.mediacongo.net/docs/jobaof/2015/wv_tdr_anglais_20150418.docx Morgan, H. (2015, December 07). CSIRO fund to support Australian start-ups. Retrieved September 22, 2016, from Csiro: https://www.csiro.au/en/News/News-releases/2015/CSIRO-fund-to-support-Australian-start-ups Penn, S. (2016). Six-Step Audit Process. Retrieved 09 17, 2016, from https://smallbusiness.chron.com/: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/sixstep-audit-process-17816.html Unifr. (2016). Risks (Audit Risk Formula). Retrieved September 20, 2016, from https://www.unifr.ch/controlling/assets/files/Noesberger2016/3-audit-risk-formula.pdf With a decade's experience in providing essay help,

Analytical Framework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analytical Framework - Essay Example The third component of analytical framework is the social assessment matrix model. Every component of the social assessment system is vital in identifying various aspects of articles. Posner develops an article that discusses the current issue within the US of treating financial consumers as consenting adults. Identifying whether Posner’s article meets the criteria of establishing social problems as well as solving them is only attainable through assessing the article using the various steps in social assessment process. The following is a step by step analysis of Posner’s article. Step-by-step analysis of Posner’s Article 1. Identification of the key social issues of interest to the business While conducting an article social assessment the first step is to identify some of the key social issues directly linked to the business, which the author has listed. In this step, all issues that affect operations of business are included while those that are too large or systematic for the business to cause a meaningful influence are excluded. Posner identifies varies social issues that directly affects operations of business. The first issue identified by Posner is consumer behavior. Consumer behavior is a vital concept in understanding how consumers purchase or consumer certain commodities. Posner’s identification of consumer behavior is based on financial products. ... Authenticity of articles is measured from the various sources of information that a researcher applied in compiling the information. Posner, in his attempt to develop an authentic, valid, and reliable article obtains data and information from different sources. For instance, Posner uses the Treasury Department as one of the source of information in developing the article. According to the author, Treasury Department’s assertion that there should be application of actual data about how people make financial decisions to develop oversight consumer finance is a vital source of information that helps in developing an authentic article. In addition, Posner uses utterances and assertions from, prominent persons such as Elizabeth Warren, Richard Thaler, and Robert Shiller. Other sources include previously done articles such as the Journal of Economic Perspective and National Bureau of Economic Research Paper. 3. Preliminary Classification and Prioritization of Issues This step requir es reducing the number of issues to manageable size. After identifying consumer behavior in respect to purchasing financial products as well as savings, Posner narrows down the discussion to consumers’ behavior towards purchasing financial products. Narrowing down to this social issue provides ample time and space to provide a critical evaluation of the same. 4. Measuring Current Performance Relative to Key Social Issues In attempts to solve problems or social issues identified, it is of significance when the researcher measures the current performance relative to the key social issues. While employing direct method of measurements, Posner identifies the fact that currently there has been poor consumption of financial product due to insufficient

Further study on the previous lecture Term Paper

Further study on the previous lecture - Term Paper Example The wake of a tornado leaves the untold destruction to infrastructure and property in the billions of shilling especially when it strikes cities but in the early detection ensures that there is little or no damage to property. Shearing in the winds especially where air masses converge is one of the formative phases of tornadoes. The convergence happens when cold air meets hot air, and the warm air is forced to rise. The convergence point is called a cold front. The directions of the air masses at the top rotate in the opposite direction to those at the bottom. Rotors can be setup due to the shear in the wind. The rotors refer to cylindrical air masses, which are perpendicular to the direction of the wind. The rotating cylinders may be changed to move vertically. The bottom and top part of the rotors rotate in different directions. Tornados are invisible since they are rotating masses of air and droplets but may be visible due to the dust collected along the way or other visible particles. The winds in the tornado rotate cyclically where the vortex on the south due to the wind direction rotates in the opposite direction to that of the north. As a result, there are two vortices whereby one rotates clockwise and the other anticlockwise. The vortices are, therefore, negative and positive vorticity. The vortex in the cyclone grows into a big cyclonic element in the storm referred to as mesocyclone. A funnel cloud forms when the interior of the vortex spins around. The funnel like cloud formed results in the formation of a tornado. Many tornados rotate in the direction of bigger storm systems and hence have a cyclonic vorticity. A tornado over water is a waterspout. The destructive nature of waterspouts is to ales extent (Pike, 133). They are evident on waters in subtropics. Their speeds are low, and therefore they travel slowly over the water. Their occurrence is evident in the Adriatic Sea and Florida. Their effect on the water cannot reach the measure of a

A Person who Had a Significant Influence on You Essay

A Person who Had a Significant Influence on You - Essay Example It is much harder for outsiders to make their mark in an established market, and so I admire him particularly for achieving this, and for making it possible for others to follow in his footsteps. Sebastian Kaindl has always believed in my ability, and I have been working with him very seriously since 2009. At first I noticed mainly that he knew all about the various skills and techniques that a professional footballer needs to work on. I valued him for his knowledge, and I followed his instructions very closely. He invented a special training system to build explosive, fast and strong athletes, and I was extremely keen to follow this career path, and so I concentrated on the detail of the footwork, on building up speed, and understanding the difficult arts of changing direction and sprinting mechanics. These are subjects which I had found quite boring in school, but when they are understood in the context of football it becomes very clear why we need to know about them. Sebastian Kai ndl has a great enthusiasm about the knowledge that lies behind the game, and this enthusiasm is evident in all the classes that he takes. For someone who is so successful, he is also quite a modest guy. He told me that other people have done excellent work in designing training methods in the past, and that we should never give up learning how to improve what we do. He incorporated some of Louie Simmon’s techniques, for example, because thought that this was the best approach for strength techniques. I noticed also that Sebastian Kaindl takes notice of the individual needs and situation of each athlete. In the past I have taken part in training squads where one set of exercises was designed for the whole group, and no variation was allowed. This might be good for creating team spirit but it is not the best way to achieve individual excellence. Thanks to Sebastian Kaindl I have learned to believe in myself, and to push always for a training regime that is ideally suited for m y needs. The mix of exercises that I have been doing with him ranges from Boxsquatting with bands, to Olympic lifts, medicine ball work and a wide variety of different jumps. I don’t know where he learned all these different techniques, but he certainly knows how to pick them and build them into a tailor-made regime for each person. When I was younger I used to think that being good at football was all about technique and fitness. Thanks to Sebastian Kaindl’s training and personal example I have learned that there is a lot more to it than that. Some of the things that make the difference between a good player and a great player are more to do with how a person thinks. One of the first lessons I learned from him was that discipline has to come from inside yourself, and that developing self-discipline leads on to reliability, dedication continuity and all the qualities that football managers and leaders look for in their players. I have seen so many examples of exception ally talented players who have ruined their chances through lack of discipline for example in terms of sticking to the prescribed diet or attending all of the sessions. I used to watch him as he prepared for a session and it was clear that he came with his mind already fully focused on the task ahead. He was not late for appointments and he treated people with

No topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

No topic - Assignment Example Employing employee motivation measures such as provision of incentives as well as increased remuneration will greatly improve their competency in the work place. The firm should stop hiring the temporary personnel who are inexperienced since this lowers the pace at which the Manufacturing and Distribution Department operates. The high turnover ratio in a firm is a boost to its competitors who are keen at taking in employees who have already been trained by their rivals. Therefore it is advisable for PolyProd to adopt permanent employee system and maintain them well. Roberta need to advocate for a common approach in the manner in which M & D Div operates throughout its branches worldwide so as to ensure consistency as well as maintaince of fixed standards. The firm seems to be in a better position to implement the changes owing to the fact that it aims at maximizing its profits therefore the management will be willing to attempt the new changes. Moment of truth arises when paying for a service already rendered and the business owner asks you about the service they have just rendered to you. The point at which you give your feedback marks the moment of truth. Operations can meet the expectations of the customers by ensuring that they offer the best services available to their

Human Resource Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Resource Management - Research Paper Example The benefits scheme, recruitment of individuals, motivation, communication, morale boosting, safety of the employees, and recruitment must all revolve around human resource management. In the words of Cornelius (2001), individuals have to be well managed, as well as the culture and environment in which they work. Through HRM, the employees are given an opportunity to be effective and productive in their lines of duty. Accomplishment of the organizational goals is only possible through direction and rules imposed on the employees through HRM. Proper implementation of HRM roles sees the success of the organization, and providing a sense of direction to the employees. Organizations are expected to not only to thrive with HRM, but also accomplish a lot (Swanson & Holton, 2001). This piece shall aim at highlighting various aspects of HRM- recruitment, training, management, compensation, training, selection, affirmative action amongst others, and how they impact on the organizational succe ss and performance. The essay shall also focus on the importance of having all these aspects coordinated and linked in an attempt to see to the success of the organizations. To a great extent, none of these aspects is more important than the other, since all contribute greatly to the ultimate organization’s success. ... Swanson & Holton (2001) indicate that in employee and labor relations, the administration and staff are able to continuously develop the staff by training them and having proper avenues towards solving the employee issues. Compliance with the laws of the organization and that of the state is possible through adherence of the policy of employee and labor relations. These relations are useful, according to Swanson & Holton (2001), for proper investigation of cases and issues that relate to the employees, for instance harassment, discrimination amongst others that are carefully scrutinized and assessed. Discipline among the employees is of high standards since the employers are able to closely monitor discipline of the employees, as well as coach and guide them on the need to uphold proper standards and adhere to the code of conduct of the organization. Employee and labor relations department is also helpful in coordinating and conducting collective bargaining processes for the employee s (Swanson & Holton, 2001). Implementation and interpretation of the employee contracts is well scrutinized by this department; thus, minimal grievances in the organization. Employees are also mobilized to act as a group, all in an endeavor to implement the organizational goals and objectives. In essence, the employee and labor relations department should always offer direction in all employee related issues, in the mission to execute goals and values of the concerned organization. Occupational  Safety and Health  (OSH) The right to safe and healthy working condition has to be exercised by all the employees, in an attempt to attain the organizational goals.

Movie Analysis Paper Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis Paper - Movie Review Example There is this unpleasant state of revolt inside him that makes him fight for his rights and be different from others having the right to make decisions and choices for oneself. During the course of the movie Z falls in love with Princess Balaand just to get sight of her switches position with his friend Weaver. This unintentional act brings Z to a point where he has to be a part of a battle that has evoked. Unaware of his fate Z embarks on this battle and apparently stands out victorious and as a hero for all the ants. Eventually Z leaves for insectopia, a place where the food surface the streets. Antz is basically a movie for adults and teenagers merely because of the use of violence and abusive language that has been incorporated in the movie. The violence in the movie might be a bit too much for children therefore it is obligatory to mention here that this movie is preferable for only adults and teens. Another reason to label this movie as an adult comedy is because of the level o f humour that has been used in the movie is feasible for adults only and can at times be quite boring for the younger ones to cope up with. "So when an unlikely turn of events marks him as a hero, Z does the last thing anyone would have expected-he rises to the challenge. And before he knows it, Z really is a hero-leading the entire worker ant colony in a revolution against conformity. Which just goes to show you: no matter how small, weak, or insignificant he might be, one ant CAN make a difference!" (Weiss, 1998) Another aspect in the movie that shows organizational culture is the totalitarian form of government that is seen initially before the occurrence of the revolt. Initially the ants were oppressed, having no say in the governance what so ever. They had to follow the norms of the prevailing society and struggle for their basic necessities. The King and the ants in power therefore had all rights over the people (ants) and used to govern the sate n such a way the fellow ants w ere generally oppressed and deprived of their fundamental rights. The story eventually changes its course when an ant who is not content with the present social state takes a step forward to change the existing system. So the concept of individual liberty has been shown in the movie. Z embarks on a journey to change the system that existed there which is all unintentional and also get his love therefore he had to switch position with his friend and take up the challenge to be part of a battle that would eventually change his position forever Labeling him as the ultimate hero and an inspiration for others who demand to change the totalitarian system. Therefore the organizational culture that prevailed initially in the movie was totalitarian with a monarch and defined rules and regulations that needed to be followed irrespective of personal will or choice. But when Z came to power things changed which sort of changed the system proclaiming a single individuals power and developing a s ense of liberty in the people. This change in a system was the basis of which the organizational cultured changed. The evolution from to totalitarianism to liberalism is drastic and something that was brilliantly executed in the movie. The violence showed in the movie is also executed in a very professional manner keeping all the minute details and the spirit of war alive. As battle and revolts is a part of the society therefore unity, mutual cooperation was shown. Apparently the violence shown was quite loud for animated movie.

Lab report paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lab report paraphrasing - Essay Example According to Experiment 1 observations, the T value of the signal when increased to 2 seconds from 0.5 seconds in 0.5 increments, the Fourier Transform accuracy also rises. Consequently, it is also evident that when the value of T is 0.5 seconds, the graph appears exceptionally different from the other 3 graphs since the period is not a big number to show the 2 tasks. These roles are actually the ones indicated on with line with the other one being made from the size of the troughs and peaks. This can clearly be seen when T=2 seconds in the graph in experiment 1. A correct value could not be displayed by the power spectrum because T value was too tiny. As illustrated, whenever the value of T rises, the power spectrum begins to exhibit the 2 co-sinusoids. When the experiment is over, it becomes clear that the magnitude of code required to solve the FFT is much shorter and simpler than the substitute DFT code. The other point to put into consideration would be the results obtained in section 3 of experiment 2.Thus, these results showed the time consumed to determine the DFT as well as the FFT, something that demonstrates that the FFT is quicker and realistic for determining the Fourier Transform. Consequently, FFT can be utilised in different methods through the entire electrical engineering comprising of researching on audio waves as well as the technique involving the audio signals, especially in recognition of pattern in instances where an engineer is searching for definite similarities or points, in addition to medical imagery like MRI scans etc. The above are just a few of numerous uses that electrical engineers are provided for by FFT at

Motivation of Psychology Graduate Essay Example for Free

Motivation of Psychology Graduate Essay The researchers aim to determine the coping strategies and level of motivation of selected Psychology graduates with regards to their personal problems in District One Laguna. Specifically, the researchers seek to establish answer to the following questions. 1. What is the level of motivation of the psychology graduates with regards to their personal problems? 2. What are the coping strategies employed by the psychology graduates with regards to their personal problems? 3. Is there a significant relationship between the coping strategies and level of motivation of selected Psychology graduates with regards to their personal problems? 4. What are the factors affecting the level of motivation of selected Psychology graduates in district one Laguna? 5. How do the Psychology graduates employ their major academic subjects they studied in dealing with their personal problems? 6. Is their course Psychology helpful to keep their selves motivated? 7. Do Psychology graduates have an advantage in terms of coping stressful life events? 8. Do Psychology graduates still implement what they have studied after graduating? 9. What is the major difficulty that they have encountered in their personal lives?

Death and its effects Essay Example for Free

Death and its effects Essay There is a certain sequence to life. We are born, we die and the part in the middle is called life. Everyone must die and every religion in the world seems to have a belief about what happens after death. We can die at any age be it by accident, illness, disease or old age. Unfortunately accidents and disease are quite common and cause much more distress to loved ones than if someone dies of old age. This is because of the order of death which we expect. Most people believe that Grandparents should die first, followed by Parents then finally Children. However, the world does not always work this way, spawning the phrase a parent should never have to bury their child. Accidents can strike someone down at anytime as can illness. When this happens it is usually a shock and the grief caused by this can be dependent on the age if a younger person dies then the shock can be devastating but if someone dies in their twilight years then the shock is greatly reduced as the family is half expecting it and they have led a full life. When someone dies, people cope with it in different ways. Some people cry and sob while others will quietly sit and contemplate. In other instances, people will go into denial and refuse to believe that their loved one is gone. This type of denial is aided by the fact that we do not have to deal with death directly, more often than not we will arrange for a funeral director to plan and take care off everything. Many people tell their loved ones how they feel everyday, this allows them to be secure in that their loved one will not die without them knowing they love them. People do not like for someone to die if they have not told them all that they should have or have ended their last conversation in an argument. They begin to have that underlying feeling of guilt and foreboding. To know that someone knows what you are going through is a great help to the bereaved, friends can come over and offer their support and allow the person to explain how they feel. The whole idea of talking to someone is the basis of therapy and can offer some relief through sympathy/empathy. Funerals, after they have been arranged are often held within the week of the person dying. This is to offer some finality to the whole process and to let the relatives to decide whether they want an open coffin or closed coffin funeral. Funerals vary from one Christian denomination to another but they all have a glimmer of hope in them for the relatives and friends. The hope of eternal life in the presence of God allows the church to help the bereaved deal with their loss by encouraging them to believe that they will be reunited with them after they die. In a funeral, the coffin is carried from its method of transport to the church (this is usually a hearse, but can be a horse-drawn carriage) by the pall-bearers. These are often the male members of the family who were closest to the deceased. I am the Resurrection and the Life. He who believes in Me will live, even though he dies; and whoever lives and believes in me will never die. (John 11:25-26) The above verses from John 11 are often read. These words are used to comfort the bereaved as they speak of eternal life and love. There are also often hymns, prayers for the person who has died and other Bible readings. The priest will then give a short sermon on the Christian beliefs of life after death. Eulogies are also often read out by a member of the family or a close friend. A eulogy is a short speech about the life of the person who has died. It is traditional to wear black clothing at funerals. This is not required however and some families will request that guests do not dress in this way. A Roman Catholic funeral also includes a Requiem Mass. For this, the priest will wear white vestments and the coffin will be covered in a white pall. The coffin is sprinkled with Holy Water and the priest says: In the waters of baptism (name) died with Christ, and rose with him to new life. May s/he now share with him in eternal glory. The coffin is then sprinkled again and later perfumed with incense. After the funeral, many Christians put on a meal for guests to thank them for coming. In the case of Roman Catholics and many Irish Christians, a wake will be put on. A wake is a small, lively party to celebrate the persons passing into Heaven and their life. Of course, the person who all this was held for does not realise. The deceased person is not really there and only an empty shell remains. There are several different, but equally important reasons for holding a funeral. A funeral marks the ending of a human life, as baptism marks the beginning. It also allows the families to go through the various stages of grief. A funeral lets them see that the person is gone forever, but gives them comfort and support from faith. A funeral is used by Christians to be reminded of one of Christianitys main beliefs there is life after death and that God will give us strength to face up to our sorrow. Graves are also often erected. These graves are permanent markers to the person and can last hundreds of years. It is very interesting to walk around a cemetery and see the impact someone has made on another persons life as some graves have monumental tombstones on them. These come at a huge price and it is amazing to see that someone has paid so much money for something the deceased will never see In Christian terms, there are two places after you die, Heaven and Hell. There is much debate about whether Heaven and Hell are actual places. The Literalists believe it is as the bible clearly mentions it in the New Testament. According to older theories, Heaven is a place where those who are sinless go to be with God and everyone is happy. On the other hand, Hell was meant to be a place of fire and brimstone where everyone suffered for their sins. Now here is where the argument comes in. Many people say that Hell cannot exist because it is impossible for such a loving and forgiving God to create a place of suffering. Some Christians also believe that Heaven and Hell are not so much places as states of mind. Heaven is where you are at peace and can be with God and Hell is where you are confined and isolated from the warmth of Gods love. A modern story of the literal differences between Heaven and Hell goes as follows: A man dies and is greeted by St. Peter at the gates of Heaven. The man asks if he can see both Heaven and Hell before he is judged. St. Peter agrees and an angel escorts the man into a room. In the room, there is a long dining table. The man asks where they are and the angel tells him that they are in Hell. He explains that in both Heaven and Hell, you are treated equally and can eat all your favorite foods from the table on one condition: you must eat them with 6 foot long utensils. The man ponders on this for a moment then asks what the difference is between the two. The angel tells him that in Heaven, people are well fed as they feed one another while the people in Hell starve as they only try to feed themselves and fail. In Christian beliefs about resurrection, the idea that the whole body is resurrected, not just the soul is prominent. Jesus was recognised by St. Peter after his resurrection (see Corinthians 15:35-57), this shows us that when we are resurrected, our new bodies will be recognisable to our family and friends. Jewish beliefs about death are not so different from those of Christianity. Instead of Heaven and Hell, Jews believe that all souls go to Sheol, a shadowy underworld. The Jewish faith also has beliefs on resurrection. According to Maimonides, when the Messiah comes, all the dead will be resurrected and judged. In death, every member of the family is affected. Adults know what is going on, but what about the children. What should we tell them? Many parents explain to their children that whoever has died has gone with the angels. This is often the easiest way as children associate angels with happiness. This reasoning is often why people grow up imagining Heaven to be in the clouds above our Earth and full of angels, it is a remnant of our childhood. However, some parents decide to not tell their children anything. It all depends on the individual child and how they will cope with this new information. Some children can cope with the hard evidence someone has died and isnt going to come back, while others cannot grasp the concept of death until they are much older. All religions have theories on life and death. In the New Age religions, many people believe in the Gaia theory. The Gaia theory was developed many hundreds of years ago and can be found in old texts about the meaning of life. The Gaia theory tells us that the Earth on which we live has a spirit and that all living organisms have their spirit given by Gaia (the Earth spirit). These organisms live their respective lives and soak up their experiences to enrich its spirit. When the organism dies, its spirit returns to Gaia and the experiences it had allow Gaia to create new lives. After looking at several different religions, it is apparent that all have one thing in common the belief that after you die a part of you lives on and returns to something, be it Allah, Gaia or God.

Developing Natural Gas Sweetening Processes

Developing Natural Gas Sweetening Processes Introduction Natural gas contains large amounts of methane (CH4), but also all kinds of impurities such as sour gases (e.g., H2S and CO2). The acid gases in the natural gas should be removed to comply with environmental regulations and to avoid technological problems during gas transportation.1–3 For instance, dry ice or CO2 hydrate products can clog the system during liquefaction of the natural gas.2 Hence it would be beneficial to find an efficient and economical method for CO2 capture from natural gas. Amine-based natural gas â€Å"sweetening† (removal of sour gases) process is a widely used and mature technology. However, this process requires high energy for solvent regeneration and amines are corrosive and volatile which causes environmental pollution.1 In the past decade, ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as a promising alternative to the amines due to their remarkable properties.4–6 Anderson et al.7 measured the solubility of various gases in the 1-hexyl-3-methylpyrolidium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide [hmpy][Tf2N]. The solubility of the gases in [hmpy][Tf2N] at 298 K follows the trend: SO2>CO2>C2H4>C2H6>CH4>O2>N2. Similar gas solubility trends were observed in 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulfonyl)amide ([hmim][Tf2N]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide ([bmim][Tf2N]).8,9 Simple gases often interact weakly with the IL ions, hence the polarizability of the gases is reflected in the solubility behavior. Molecules that possess an electric quadrupole moment (such as CO2 and C2H4) show higher solubilities in ILs.10 From an application point of view, solubility data only is not enough to judge the separation performance of a solvent, instead selectivity data is essential. One of the first mixed gas solubilities was reported by Hert et al.11 The authors surprisingly found that an enhancement of CH4 solubility when both CH4 and CO2 were dissolved in [hmim][Tf2N] liquid. It was speculated that the enhancement in CH4 solubility was due to favorable dispersion interactions between dissolved CO2 and CH4, while the drop in CO2 solubility was due to a reduction in free volume caused by the absorption of CH4. Carvalho and Coutinho12 measured CO2/CH4 and H2S/CH4 solubilities in three ILs and proposed that the ionic liquid polarity is an essential parameter in the design of ILs with high CO2 selectivities. To design and optimize natural gas sweetening processes using ILs, mastering the important factors that dictate CO2/CH4 solubility as well as selectivity is essential. Shi and Maginn13 computed the mixed gas isotherms for the mixtures CO2/O2, SO2/N2, and CO2/SO2 dissolve in [hmim][Tf2N] and interpreted these mixed gas solubilities by energetic analysis. CO2 and SO2 interact more strongly with the anion than the cation due to stronger electrostatic interactions between the solute and the anion. N2 and O2 interact weakly with the ionic liquid and show little difference in interaction energy between the cation and anion. Thus CO2 and SO2 compete with each other in dissolution, while CO2 and O2 dissolve independently.13 However, there has no simulation motivated to address the unusual solubility behavior of CO2/CH4 mixtures in ILs. In this proposed research, molecular dynamics simulations will be utilized to investigate the enhanced solubility of CH4 in [hmim][Tf2N] in the presence of CO2.11 Also, with the aim of improving CO2/CH4 selectivity in ionic liquids, several other ILs described in the work done by Carvalho and Coutinho12 will be examined. These simulations could enable one to probe local structure of gases in ILs and energetics between different solutes and solvents, thereby give physical insight into the observed selectivity trends. The final goal is to find optimum structures of ILs that have satisfying performance in natural gas sweetening process. Research Question In this study, the solubilities of CO2/CH4 mixtures in four ILs will be investigated in order to understand the peculiar phenomenon of enhanced solubility of CH4 in the presence of CO2 in [hmim][Tf2N] and to understand the higher selectivity of CO2/CH4 in [bmim][Tf2N] as compare to that in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate ([bmim][CH3SO3]) at molecular level. This work will be accomplished by classical molecular dynamics of systems consist of mixture gases with different molar ratios dissolve into four ionic liquids, [hmim][Tf2N], [bmim][Tf2N], [bmim][PF6] and [bmim][CH3SO3] respectively. The selectivities for different cases will be calculated and compare with experimental results at room temperature and at a pressure of 10 bar, which is a common operating pressure for natural gas sweetening process. Local electrostatic potential and radial distribution function of ILs will be computed to analyze the interactions between gas molecules and IL constituents and favorable abs orption sites. Test particle insertion method will be utilized to calculate the excess chemical potential of CO2 and CH4 in different ILs. With this systematic information, a solid conclusion about the physical reasons lead to high CO2/CH4 selectivity could be achieved. The cation effect and anion effect to the selectivity could be drawn from the results in cases of these four ILs. In addition, more extensive work could be conducted to predict the relationship between the IL structure and the trend of selectivity of CO2/CH4 mixtures in ILs. Significance of the Proposed Research The global natural gas demand is expected to increase 1.4% per year in the next 20~30 years.2 Of great industrial relevance, carbon dioxide capture is very important in the natural gas sweetening process. Ionic liquids, due to their outstanding properties, such as negligible vapor pressure, high thermal stability, nonflammability and high solvation capacity, are believed to be promising alternatives for conventional CO2 capture solvents. Especially, the large differences in pure gas solubility reported in the literature suggest that selectivity for gas mixtures could be high, making ILs a strong candidate for effective separation processes. It is possible to design many potential ILs by enormous combination of cations and anions and their functionalized ions. Therefore, the systematic study of different cation/anion combinations will provide us key parameters in the structure of ILs with high CO2/CH4 selectivity. However, measuring solubilities of gas mixtures is significantly more difficult than measuring pure gas solubilites.14 Therefore, molecular modeling is an efficient way to help understand solubility trends in ILs. Through this proposed study, we can gain physical understanding in the selectivity of mixture gases in ILs at a molecular level. An additional advantage is that the simulations enable one to probe micro structure and energetics, thereby giving useful insight into the source of selectivity trends observed. The proposed research will inspire experimentalists to design ILs with higher CO2/CH4 selectivity, thus apply it into industrial natural gas sweetening process. Proposed Studies Simulation Details: In this proposed research, I will perform systematic classical molecular dynamics simulations for systems representing CO2 and CH4 dissolve in [hmim][Tf2N], [bmim][Tf2N], [bmim][PF6] and [bmim][CH3SO3] ILs respectively. All simulations will be performed using the GROMACS15 program. Nose-Hoover temperature coupling will be used to set the temperature at 298 K and Parrinello-Rahman pressure coupling will be used to keep the pressure at 10 bar. Periodic boundary conditions will be applied in all directions. The cations and anions involved in this work are listed in scheme 1 with their molecular structures. Scheme 1. Molecular structures of the cations and anions used in this study. Force Field. In all simulations described in this study, ILs and CH4 will use the Canongia Lopes-PaÃÅ' dua16 and OPLS-AA17 force fields. Lennard-Jones parameters and the partial charges for CO2 will take from the TraPPE18 force field. The experimental C-O bond length (1.16 Ã…) and O-C-O bond angle (180ËÅ ¡) are fixed during simulations. The TraPPE model has been effectively used for predicting CO2 absorption in various ILs.13,19–22 Thus, all the force field parameters are available. Pure Gas Absorption. The pure gas absorption for CO2 and CH4 will be computed following the method published by Huang et al.23 The initial configuration of the IL/CO2 or IL/CH4 binary system will be prepared from two independent bulk phase subsystems. The IL phase consists of 256 ionic pairs, and the gas (CO2 or CH4) phase initially has 216 molecules. Both IL phase and gas phase will first be equilibrated by a 1 ns NPT simulation at 298 K and 10 bar. Then the two subsystems will be concatenated along the Z direction to form a sandwich like simulation box with the gas phase in the middle. Some gas molecules are going to be removed in order to fit the cross section between the gas phase and IL phase. An energy minimization process is necessary to prevent steric hindrances in the combined system. The generated system then undergoes a 20 ns NPT equilibration run to allow gas molecules to diffuse into the IL phase. In order to improve sampling, five uncorrelated phase points will be colle cted from a successive 500 ps NPT run. Figure 1 shows a typical configuration of the equilibrium simulation box. These five configurations are used as initial coordinates for five 300 ps production runs in microcanonical (NVE) ensemble. The last 200 ps trajectories of each NVE simulation are used to collect data. Figure 1. A snapshot of the equilibrium state of the simulation box.23 Mixed Gas Absorption and Selectivities. As described above, the only thing different for mixed gas absorption from the pure gas absorption is the gas phase contains two kinds of gas molecules, CO2 and CH4. In order to test the feed ratio effect, the molecular numbers of CO2 and CH4 are set to two distinct ratios, 1:9 and 1:1, which are the gas mixture compositions in ref. 11. As observed by ref. 11, only tiny amount of CO2 could enhance CH4 solubility. The numbers of gas molecules can be easily obtained from the five final trajectories. Thus the mole fractions of CO2 or CH4 to ILs can be computed. Simply, the solubility is computed in terms of molar fraction by or , where x means the molecule number in IL phase. With the mole fractions of CO2 and CH4 in gas mixture/IL system, the selectivity for CO2 over CH4 can be computed as ,13 where x means the molecule number in IL phase and y means the molecule number in the initial gas phase. This is the first goal of this research that aiming to confirm and predict the solubilities and selectivities of CO2 and CH4 gas molecules in different ILs. These data can also be used to validate the simulation method. It should be reasonable to expect that the above mentioned modeling procedure is capable of yielding good estimations of mixed gas absorption. Radial Distribution Functions. The RDFs for pure liquid structures, gas/IL binary structures and mixed-gas/IL ternary structures can be calculated from the production simulations in NVE ensemble. Previous results23 showed that even though considerable amounts of CO2 diffused into the IL phase, the structure changes of the IL were small. However, the cases of CH4 gas diffuses into the IL phase have to be examined as well as the cases for CO2/CH4 gas mixtures dissolve in ILs. Therefore, the RDFs could tell us whether the structure will change significantly or not during the co-solvation process of CO2 and CH4 molecules. Previous studies concluded that CO2 preferentially interacts with anions in ILs.5,8,13,23,24 However, little knowledge is known about the structure correlation for CH4 with cations and anions in ILs. Especially, the locations of CH4 molecules in ILs in the presence of CO2 would be very interesting. From the NVE simulations, the Coulomb and Lennard-Jones potentials between different energy groups could be obtained. The energetic analyses could help explain the spatial distribution of CH4 and CO2 molecules in ILs. In addition, by comparing the relative interaction energies between solutes and the cations, anions and other dissolved solutes, one can understand which interaction makes CH4 more dissolvable in [hmim][Tf2N] when in the presence of CO2. Local Electrostatic Potentials. Although the liquid is neutral in total charge, the local electrostatic environment within the first solvation shell of CO2 or CH4 molecule may have important effect on the solubility and selectivity performance.21 At any given time during the production runs, the position of each absorbed gas molecule can be determined. Also the surrounding atoms within , 1.5 nm, can be identified. Therefore, the local electrostatic potential U for a given absorbed gas molecule (x, y, z) can be calculated by: where na is the number of surrounding atoms, qn,i is the partial charge on each surrounding atom, rn,i is the distance from each atom to the center carbon atom of absorbed gas molecule. Analyzing the distribution of local electrostatic potentials for CO2 and CH4 together with the selectivities, the relation between local electrostatic potentials can selectivities can be built. Based on the fact that CO2 has a large quadrupole moment, CO2 molecule should be affected strongly by the local electrostatic potential. The more negative the local electrostatic potential is the higher preference for CO2 selectivity.21 I expect that the highest selectivity IL [bmim][CH3SO3] will give more negative distribution of local electrostatic potential as compare to other ILs. Solvation Free Energy. In order to have more evidences for energetic analysis of the interactions between CO2/CH4 and ILs, Widom particle insertion method25 is utilized to determine the excess chemical potential of the solutes under study. The key quantity characterizing a solute in the solvation process is its solvation free energy, that is, the free energy necessary to insert the solute from pure ideal gas phase into solution. The solvation free energy per solute is equal to the excess chemical potential of the solute. In the case of an NPT ensemble the excess chemical potential can be written as26 where is the potential energy between the solute and the solvent, V is the volume of the system, =1/, and the angle brackets denote an isobaric-isothermal average over trajectory of the system without solute. For each IL, the equilibration trajectory of pure IL in NPT ensemble is needed. Because test particle insertion method in GROMACS is currently limited to inserting a single charge group, the excess chemical potential of CO2 and CH4 can only calculated one at a time. At least, we can get information about the relative affinity of CO2 to ILs and CH4 to ILs. Thus the CO2/CH4 selectivities in different ILs could be compared using all the aforementioned methods. In summary, the solubilities and selectivities of CO2 and CH4 pure gas and gas mixtures in four ILs will be calculated. The deep reasons that determine the CO2/CH4 selectivity will be investigated. Although only four ILs, [hmim][Tf2N], [bmim][Tf2N], [bmim][PF6] and [bmim][CH3SO3], are under this proposed research, we can expect to find out the anion effect to CO2/CH4 selectivity. By studying the spatial structure, interaction energy, local electrostatic potential and excess chemical potential, this work will contribute to the IL society with the first molecular dynamics simulation of CH4 dissolves in ILs and CO2/CH4 gas mixture dissolves in ILs.

Setting Vs Story - Dantes Inferno And Sartres No Exit Essay -- essays

This essay is on setting differences using the works of Dante's The Inferno and Jean Paul Sartre's No Exit.Adam looks about spotting all the important people that will influence the rest of his life. He takes a deep breath and prepares to make this his last and final addition to life. Quietly he draws back from the church as if to stop time, this moment may define him as a man. He turns to look at the priest as if to reply his answer, but suddenly he realizes the hand he is holding is as cold as death. Quickly he snaps back into reality recognizing he is not asking for his bride's hand in marriage, but burying her. Once again his mind tricked him into thinking that he was starting all over again with a new chance; however, as in life, sometimes there are no second chances.Dante's Inferno and Jean Paul Sartre's No Exit illustrate irony in setting in similar ways, such that there are no second chances in life. Both works take the readers into the minds of their authors where each author gives their interpretation of hell. Dante's and Jean Paul Sartre's works both have similar aspects of setting that are expressed in similar styles. Through symbolism, representation, and finite physical details each author establishesirony, yet also reinforces his theme. When Dante wrote The Inferno his mind thrived on the different levels of interpretation; likewise, Jean Paul Sartre's mind thrived on this, and he patterned No Exit after Dante's work. The symbolism expressed in Dante's Inferno correlates directly, in some cases, to the play written by Jean Paul Sartre, No Exit. Symbolism in both works cannot be defined by one level of thinking and neither can it be comprehended on one level. However, symbolism in relation to the setting of both works exhibits the nature of both writers to be very ironic in some cases. For example, throughout Dante's Inferno, Dante makes many direct references to the light and the heavens: "Therefore, if you win through this gloomy pass and climb again to see the heaven of stars when it rejoices to you . . ." (p. 145, l. 82 -5).These references, also made in No Exit, reveal the irony that none of the inhabitants of hell can ever see the light of God or, in Jean Paul Sartre's perspective, will always be reminded of the light and the choice they made: "Always broad daylight in my eyes- and in my head." (p.6) is another ... ... having his maincharacters seeing his version of hell in a hotel suite. This ironical atmosphere gives the readers exactly the reaction he wants, the idea that this could never be hell because the lack of flaming pits and pointy tailed devils. He uses this edge to surprise his readers into thinking that hell can be anyplace in the world it is he state of mind and punishment that makes it truly hell."What I was living, the same I now, dead"(p. 109, l. 66) stated Dante in his work The Inferno. The setting reinforces this theme that the irony of the sin committed will be the punishment received. Setting in both of these works expressed the ironical nature of both these writers and how they used this to give insight to their work. Through the symbolism, representation, and finite physical details Dante and Jean Paul Sartre both exhibited the essence of the meaning of irony. These various literary devicestransform a work of literatureinto a style with which readers can both identify and understand, yet also taking them to the next level. When setting can be interpreted ironically in many levels, something as simple as a few chairs and a table could represent Hell's Kitchen.

Comparison Of Animals In George Orwells Animal Farm :: essays research papers

The USA adaptation of the classic work Animal farm was entertaining and historically representative. The characters in the movie were all representing key elements in the Russian Revolution from start to end. The owner of the farm Mr. Jones is Czar Nicholas II who was the Czar of Russia before the revolution. Nicholas was a very poor leader, and was cruel to opponents much like Mr. Jones dealt with things. Old Major was representative of Karl Marx. Old Major taught the animals Animalism just as Marx taught communism. He meant to have the workers revolt because they do all the work and the rich keep the money, and both died before the revolution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The entire belief system of animalism was just like the communist system. All people were equal there were no owners and no rich and no poor either. All of the animals owned the farm just as all people owned the communist government and the government owned everything. Snowball was supposed to be Leon Trotsky both were young, smart and good speakers. Both Snowball and Trotsky followed the teachings of both Marx and Old Major. Snowball wanted to improve life on the farm just as Trotsky was trying to improve life in Russia. Trotsky was chased away by Lenin’s KGB or secret police just as snowball was chased away by Napoleon’s dogs. Napoleon himself was more Stalin than Lenin was however. Napoleon wasn’t a good speaker or clever like snowball just like Stalin wasn’t as educated as Trotsky or as good a public speaker. Napoleon was cruel, brutish, selfish, devious and corrupt. Napoleon didn’t follow Old Major’s original words just as Stalin didn’t follow Marx’s ideals. Napoleon’s ambition for power killed all of his opponents and Stalin also killed all of those whom opposed him. Napoleon used the dogs to control the animals and spied on the just as Stalin used the KGB about propaganda and to keep the people in line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Squealer was supposed to be the propaganda department of the Russian government. Squealer convinced the animals to follow Napoleon and changed the commandments. Russia’s propaganda department rallied the people and changed the teaching’s of Marx to fit it’s own agenda. Boxer was representative of dedicated but tricked communist supporters. Boxer worked hard and believed in the animal farm just as dedicated Russians followed Stalin because he was communist. Boxer’s attitude was Napoleon was always right and that he must work harder, just as the dedicated communists stayed loyal after it was obvious that Stalin was a tyrant.

Revolution :: essays research papers

Revolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Destruction of statues, screaming in the streets, rash actions, hasty decisions, and adrenaline-influenced outbursts. Prim and proper, fancy meetings, organized schedules, time for tea, and the thought of perfection. Total opposites are bound to clash at sometime or another, and for America, that time was now. The movie â€Å"Revolution† shows us movingly and realistically how the Revolutionary War was led up to, how the years of battles continued, and how finally victory was attained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poor King George III had no idea what hit him. All of the colonies now had their own governments to lean on, their own Declaration of Independence already being passed out among the people, and their own â€Å"volunteer† army. The famous â€Å"Liberty or Death† was their cry. No more repression for the people of America, they believed that God was on their side, and it was time for freedom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When the battles began, first they were tiny squabbles that were simple and not messy. But as time passed, so did being civilized, anything and everything that would hurt the enemy in any way that could be done, was done. For that reason, on top of others, hospitals were needed. They were lacking in every department except for amputation. But since sanitary conditions were impossible, almost all had their wounds infected, and would die from the aftermath of that.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During battles there was always a flag present. No matter what happened, there was always someone carrying the flag. As soon as someone would get taken out, another would run and pick it up to show that you just can’t keep a good man down. Also, when people traveled in and out of battle areas, they would need flags to show their business and whom they supported. For example, if a wagon came in that brought rations for the colonists, they would first need to pay a toll, have an American flag, and a white flag to show they weren’t in battle. But usually, and unfortunately, in the heat of madness and testosterone, those battle codes were not heeded.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fighting tactics were primitive. It usually was to make the other army move back a smidgen, take a break, then try again to kill, kill, kill. For the British, when a battle was won over a colony, they would parade through the streets with the remaining soldiers, the wounded and captured American soldiers. Any person who didn’t support the British was taken prisoner and was used as ‘examples’ for the others.