My Favourite Cafe

I would like to tell you some words about one of my favourite cafes in Murom. It is a suitable place to sit with a cup of tea or coffee or to spend spare time with your friends. In my humble opinion, it would be hard to find friendlier place in Murom than this litlle cafe, but of course it is a matter of taste. This coffee-house is located in Moscovskaya street near the cafe-club â€Å"Happiness†. The interior helps to create relaxed home atmosphere. It is a small cafe, which specializes in serving coffee and desserts with a small and simple dining room. You can find different types of coffee there – espresso, capuchino, latte, black coffee, coffee with cognac, liqueur and some others. Also this cafe provides all kinds of drinks – alcoholic and non-alcoholic, such as juice, mineral water and various types of tea. The cafe’s menu is rather diverse. You can eat salads, fish and meat dishes; tasty cakes, rolls and and pies with different fillings; fruits – apples, oranges, grapefruits and lemons cut in small pieces; sandwiches and pancakes with various syrops and sauces; sushi and a variety of ice-cream, that can be with fruit sweet syrops, nuts and chocolate. The interior of this cafe is rather cosy and comfortable. Inside the cafe one can observe several small wooden tables without table-cloths, wooden chairs and nice soft sofas. There are stands with sugar, salt and paper napkins on the tables. Near the entrance, there is a large mirror, therefore the visitors have an opportunity to look at themselves. Along the walls are wooden cases with some pictures and photos. You can always hear unostentatious and melodic music there. The waiters are rather neat, friendly and polite. Usually the order is ready quickly, and the visitors don’t wait for a long time. Unfortunately, I can’t remember, when this cafe starts its work, but I know that they close up usually at 1 o’clock am. Also, it is allowed to smoke there, but only after 7 o’clock pm. In the evening some visitors ask the waiter to bring them an ashtray, so that they can drink a cup of fresh coffee with a cigarette. The prices in this cafe are not very high. The cost of a cup of coffee varies from 40 to 150 rubles, ice-cream – about 100-130 rubles and a glass of juice 30-40 rubles. Usually I prefer to order several cups of coffee, tasty ice-cream and some sweet deserts – puddings, pancakes, pies, etc. In the middle of the cafe, one can see a small bar with a variety of alcohol drinks, mineral waters and juices. The room itself is looking not very large, yet it is bright, clean and pleasing to the eye. So you can easily enjoy yourself in this lovely place.

The Power Consumption

The power consumption for sending (or receiving) a single message in a mobile phone Abstract: We measure overall SMS, Whatapps and Wechat for the power consumption of a single message. These results are validated by overall power measurements of two other devices: the Battery Doctor and Battery Detective. We discuss the significance of the power drawn by the various length and time of texting messages, and identify the most promising areas to focus on for further improvements of power management. We also analyze the energy impact of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling of the device’s application processor.Introduction: In recent years, people have a mobile phone in their hands all the day. At the same time, device functionality is increasing rapidly. In the number of applications, texting messages occupied an important part. Hence, optimal management of power consumption of devices such as SMS, WhatsApp and WeChat is critical. In this paper we attempt to answer how much of t he system’s energy is consumed by sending (or receiving) a single message of the system and under what circumstances. And we will use IPhone5 as the experimental product.Furthermore, we validate the results with computing manually and the additional mobile device: Battery Doctor, Battery Detective. Material: Experimental product: IPhone5 (IOS6. 1. 2) Timer Testing Applications: Messages, WhatsApp, WeChat Measuring Application: Battery Doctor and Battery Detective Formula: 1)The time of sending each message=The time of the usage of 1% power/ Number of messages. 2) Average electricity consumption of each message ( with the Wifi usage)= 1% power of Iphone 5/ Number of messages. ) Average electricity consumption of each message ( without the Wifi usage) =(1% power of Iphone 5/ Number of messages) – (The time of sending each message x The power consumption rate of wifi function). Methodology: Device under test Experimental setup When an iPhone is not actively being used (th e screen is off), the biggest power drain are the various radios: WiFi, 3G and Bluetooth. So first tip is to turn off any service you don’t need. Settings are useful in doing so with one tap. There is some information you need to calculate before we collect the data.Therefore, after you turn off all the service that you do not use, you have to turn on the Battery Doctor and check out the battery usage of your phone and calculate how much usage if 1%power. In the case of IPhone 5, the battery usage is 1430, therefore IPhone 5 1% power= 1430/100= 14. 30 mAh. Also, you can use the Battery Doctor to check out how long you still can use on that percentage of battery. Then, according to the Doctor Battery, when IPhone 5 in 41% power, it can use 8hrs 15mins without the WiFi function. If use with the WiFi function, it can use 7hrs 13mins.Therefore, you can calculate that: The power of IPhone 5 in 41%: 14. 3mAh x 41 = 586. 3mAh The power consumption rate of IPhone 5 without the WiFi f unction: 586. 3 mAh/[(60 x 8 +15) x 60] = 0. 0197 mAh s-1 The power consumption rate of IPhone 5 without the WiFi function: 586. 3 mAh/[(60 x7 +13) x 60] = 0. 0226 mAh s-1 The power consumption rate of WiFi function: 0. 0226 – 0. 0197 = 0. 0029 mAh s-1 Then, you get all the basic information which you need, and you can turn off the Battery Doctor, and start to collect the data. Then, you need to let your phone natural reduce 1% power.After it you can use the timer to count time and type your message and send it out. After you use 1% of power, you can stop the timer and count how many messages did u sent and record it. Then, you need to repeat to collect those data several times. However, you also need to do it in different power percentage, to collect more data. After u collect the data of time and number of messages sending, you can use those formula to calculate the information. Software Excel, Word, Battery Doctor, Battery Detective Results We had collected the data from 3 different power level, high power (>80%), general power (20-80%), and lower power (

Formal Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Formal Report - Research Paper Example The study utilizes information from both secondary and primary sources. The primary source of the information is a questionnaire that was submitted to Market Industry Service Branch of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). The results were analyzed and some statistically projected to create an overview of the trade and its success rate. The secondary sources utilized in the report include internet searches, some scholarly articles reporting on Canada’s agri-food business and Hong Kong’s demographics and current food situation. The other secondary sources include articles in periodicals and a book that details comprehensive information on cold chain logistics. The report is addressed to AAFC, which in turn is supposed to expand the business ties of Agri-food products to Hong Kong. The key outcome of the report is that UTi Worldwide Inc. has a potential business opportunity to provide the refrigerated transport services for Agri-food from Canada to Hong Kong. The coming of globalization has converted the world into one small village where some key important factors towards economic growth such as communication, and transportation have become easy to achieve. However, when it comes to logistics it is important to note that physical separation remains to be an important reality that we have to keep in mind (Theo Notteboom and Rodrigue 217). It takes a considerable time to efficiently and effectively to transport goods over long distances especially overseas. This shipment becomes a delicate business especially when there are delays and the shipment is for perishable products. It is for this reason that many industries such as food, medical, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries are resorting to the cold chain technology. Many transportation companies have realized this niche and developed specialized services that focus on transportation of

Tocquevilles Concept of Social Reciprocity in the Democratic Age Essay

Tocquevilles Concept of Social Reciprocity in the Democratic Age - Essay Example Tocqueville believed that to thrive within democracy, polities require citizens who are highly participatory, who are engaged civically, and who have formed close bonds with one another. From this correlation, he theorizes that civic engagement teaches people to be cooperative, which, in turn, affects the body politic, fostering democracy. Thus, in Tocqueville's view, political/civic participation is not simply the manifestation of the fulfillment of citizenship obligations but is the basis for individual and social improvement. Tocqueville makes much of the spill-over effects of political participation and social reciprocity. He recognizes that political participation has the capacity to create an active citizenry capable of organizing most spheres of social (and, thus, economic) life. The corollary of this view is that the participatory citizens of this kind of social/commercial system will, of necessity, participate in political life. In his view, there is, at the very least, the potential for a sort of sociopolitical symbiosis. Tocqueville states that the fundamental condition underlying American democracy is equality; it is the essential fact from which all others seem to be derived. This social equality did not exist in aristocratic Europe. The aristocracy, although declining, still had considerable power. In the aristocracy social and political power was based on name and birth. Nobility, political influence, and wealth could be passed on from one generation to the next. Social classes were fixed, and it was rare for a person to move up in social class. This lack of social equality prevented democracy from taking hold in Europe. In the United States, there was no aristocracy or rigid social classes, instead there was equality (except, of course, if you happened to be a woman or a slave). According to Tocqueville, this equality of conditions served as a guiding principle of American democracy. Much of the writing in Tocqueville's work documents how the many trends of social and political life-such as the propensity to form associations-stems from the equality of condition as he describes it. He sees participation (specifically, the formation of private associations) as the principal means by which a people might develop personally, intellectually, and, by extension, socially. Tocqueville views the myriad associations formed by Americans as an apt illustration of the idea of individual benefit being consistent with social benefit. Tocqueville observes that, among their participants, associations foster understanding, cooperation, solidarity, and a willingness to take part in political affairs: Among democratic peoples associations must take the place of the powerful private persons whom equality of conditions has eliminated. As soon as several Americans have conceived a sentiment or an idea that they want to produce before the world, they seek each other out, and when found, they unite. Thenceforth they are no longer isolated individuals, but a power conspicuous from the distance whose action serve as an example; when it speaks, men listen. (Tocqueville 517) According to

Cartesian dualism,Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cartesian dualism,Descartes - Essay Example But this trend has not been without reason. The different experiences of a person, as each of us experience, makes for the bona fide interest in the topic. There remain consistent scholarly productions because it is, as the most riveting philosophical ideas go, a thought provoking notion that invites and generates the infinite diaspora of the study. The first person (tending in the narrative tone) that Descartes opted to write in made his propositions appear stronger and many philosophers have taken a literal interpretation to his uttered premise and just as many dissections possible. The Cartesian dualism may seem like a strong declaration of an absolutist idea that the mind could exist distinct from the body but this is merely an aspect of an entire argument that has many other elements to it. There is truth that by knowing our minds we find that the body is separate from it. There are many things that we will through our minds which our body then perform, in the same way that what the mind may want the body cannot perform. This finds example in common impediments pertaining to physical incapacities. Stephen Hawking for example is physically disabled but he is still considered as one of the greatest minds in our generation. This is the simplistic notion but this does not make it untrue. In the regard, the brain then comes into the picture as something separate from the body. The brain is that part of the body which compels our body to do what our mind wants it to. The interplay between the body and the mind does not necessarily make them mutually exclusive from each other but on the contrary they work together to complete a whole being which makes for the conclusive evidence of the human existence. Ryle and the ‘mind or body’ contention Gilber Ryle, in deference to Descartes’ duality of the mind and the body proposes that they are not co-existent but instead one must be either one, that is he is a body or a mind but he cannot be both. Ryle writes, â€Å"I am not for example, denying that there occur mental processes. Doing long division is a mental process and so is making a joke. But I am saying that the phrase ‘there occur mental processes’ does not mean the same as ‘there occur physical processes’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (as cited by Steven 159). His opposition lies in the argument that Descartes made a category mistake by associating mental life to logical category when there should only be one. In this sense, the French philosopher is responsible for inventing the mind. The mind is just another substance to correlate and give credence to his case and refuted by Ryle who tends more towards reductive materialism â€Å"where human mind is reduced to the brain† (ibid 160). In this notion, the mind and the brain are the same thing and mental and brain processes are the same thus the suggestion that a person is one or another but not both at the same time. The brain is the central moving force which envelops the mind. Wiredu’s Akan Another position in the mind-body problem can be credited to Kwasi Wiredu who wrote ‘Akan Concept of Mind.’ This is not directly within the realm of a direct rebuttal of Descartes but the same contains interesting insights that Samuel Olusegun Steven found notable in understanding a different perspective to the problem.

Canterbury Television ( CTV ) building in Christchurch Assignment

Canterbury Television ( CTV ) building in Christchurch - Assignment Example However, none of these earthquakes has caused havoc and loss of lives as did the earthquake of 6.3 on Richer that hit Christchurch on 22 February 2011. This aftershock reportedly claimed 184 lives in the city. However, CTV building was the most affected, something that raised many questions from structural engineers and the public at large. This is because CTV was the only building that collapsed from the earthquake, claiming 115 lives of the 184 people who perished in the entire Christchurch. The collapse of the building has been blamed on human error associated with poor design and construction. Several key-role players and stakeholders have been associated with the incident and its consequences, which this paper seeks to examine. In addition, the paper will analyze the management and organizational factors that might have been associated with the incident. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 The key role-players 4 The key stakeholders 7 Management and organization al factors associated with the incident 9 Conclusion 10 Recommendations 10 References 10 Introduction New Zealand is one of the European countries that are very prone to earthquakes. Seismologist attributes this to its proximity to seismic zone. Associated Press (2012) reveals that very powerful earthquakes have hit the country several times in the recent past. ... This is because CTV was the only building that collapsed from the earthquake, claiming 115 lives of the 184 people who perished in the entire Christchurch, according to Associated Press (2012). The commission formed to investigate the matter found out that the building might have collapsed due to poor design and construction. The commission also identified several key role-players and stakeholders that this paper seeks to examine. In addition, the paper will provide an analysis and evaluation of the key management and organizational factors linked to the incident, prior, during, and after the incident. The key role-players Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (2012) report claimed that showed that the CTV building incident on 22 February 2011 was extraordinary. This is after findings showed that the building collapsed from the earthquake due to human error. As earlier stated, an earthquake of magnitude 6.3 hit Christchurch on this fateful day killing 184 people most of whom peris hed from the collapsed CTV building, where 115 people reportedly perished. According to the royal commission report, CTV building collapsed due to poor design and construction. As a result, David Harding, the architect who designed the building becomes the first key-role player to blame for the collapse. Write and Greenhill (2012) reveals that the building did not meet the 1986 building standards when it was constructed. The investigation revealed several structural weaknesses in the design that caused the building to collapse upon being subjected to tension. Vervaeck and Daniell (2012) noted that the CTV building had poorly designed joints between beams and columns. This made the

Analysis of Irony and Coincidence in Suzhou River Essay

Analysis of Irony and Coincidence in Suzhou River - Essay Example Lou Ye departs drastically from other contemporaries of Beijing Film Academy, takes an abrupt swing from the downbeat realism that characterizes their works, and embarks on a mystical treatment of the theme. He employs irony and elements of coincidence in portraying the theme of love in a complex and obscure manner that makes the movie a mysterious enigma for the audience. The movie deals with the romance between Mardar and Moudan, as narrated by an unnamed videographer. Mardar, a motorcycle courier runs the errand of riding Moudan from her father’s residence to a relative’s place whenever the father wants to engage in his assignations. The girlish Moudan, young an adventurous, asks him to â€Å"drive like Schwarzenegger.† (Ye, Lou). The couple falls in love but tragedy strikes in their lives in the form of Mardar’s betrayal of her. Mardar is associated with the criminal underworld and is forced to kidnap Moudan on the instructions of the gang he belongs to, in order to extract money from her father. Moudan learns about Mardar’s deceit, and heartbroken, she jumps into Suzhou River and disappears. Mardar is arrested for complicity in the incident and sentenced to imprisonment. When he returns he meets Meimei, a look-alike of Moudan, who works as a night club performer, dressed up as a mermaid. Mardar believes she is M oudan, and wants to seduce her. The videographer who is obsessed with Moudan tries to drive Mardar out of town. Tragedy strikes again when the couple gets consumed the metaphorical river. The mystic play of love and obsession between Mardar and Moudan, and the videographer and Meimei, between Meimei and Mardar, further underline the complexity of love, makes it impossible for the viewer to exactly know whether Meimei is actually Moudan’s reincarnation or just Mardar’s illusion or whether Moudan’s story is real or just a fictitious one. Lou Ye uses irony to good effect in alluding to the complexity of

HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

HISTORY - Essay Example Colonies at the south had high mortality rates, prevalence of diseases, gender imbalances, and reproduction rates were very low. Northern colonies, on the other hand, had lower mortality rates with more women and children. Their populations grew naturally at faster rates. The demographic differences influenced population and migration patterns across the divide. The south-north divide was also characterized by social and cultural differences. Elites in the south amassed land, wealth, slaves and authority at the expense of the poor hence creating inequalities in terms of economic and social spheres. In the north, however, agriculture was practiced as a family affair hence minimum inequality was experienced. The north-south divide also had a political perspective. New Englanders in the north frequently had town meetings where they practiced corporate governance and cemented the social covenant. Moreover, Congregational churches grew in the north implementing Puritan principles. On the contrary, the south and middle colonies had royal and proprietary governments in that order. Moreover, they never organized themselves through town meetings but county or parish. Overall, religious devotion intensified in the north similar to educational opportunities. Aside from the variations, the regions had certain factors in common. English was the dominant language in most of the colonies although there were traces of Africans, Indians, creole and other European languages. Protestantism dominated most colonies in different forms: Anglicanism, Congregationalism and religious toleration. Moreover, most colonists succumbed to the notion of being the King’s loyal subjects – their regimes resembled the Anglo-American regime politically and legally. Despite all these, the patterns of settlement kept the north-south divide growing. New England: Cultural and geographical disparities pushed New

Chemistry Extended Essay Essay Example for Free

Chemistry Extended Essay Essay To investigate the effect of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the rate of reaction of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcohol Done by: Habib Iscandar Hinn Friends Boys School June 22, 2007 To investigate the effect of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane concentration and temperature of the system on the rate of reaction of solvolysis of 2-bromo-2-methyl propane in 90% ethyl alcohol Introduction: The major product of the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70 % water 30 % acetone is t-butyl alcohol, with a small amount of isobutylene being formed as a by product And this is with accordance of first order kinetic and suggests a two step mechanism in which the rate determining step consists of the ionization of t-butyl chloride, and in this mechanism a carbonium ion is formed as inter- mediate and this bonds immediately to near by nucleophile (in this case nucleophile is a neutral molecule) the initial product is t-butyl carbonium ion. Note1: if the nucleophile is neutral the product will be charged since the leaving group takes both bonding electrons away with it So chemists have proposed to general types of mechanism: 1- Nucleophilic substitution Sn1 The ionization step in a Sn1 reaction is endothermic and much slower than the exothermic neutralization of carbonium ion by a nucleophile. And so the rate determining step being the unimolecular ionization of the t-butyl chloride equation 4, and as a result, the overall rate of reaction is not affected by changes in the concentration or kinds of nucleophilic reagents present. Note2: the factor which determines the mechanisms employed is typically the nature of the substrate it self and not the particular nucleophile Note3: if the sum of the energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactant the reaction is exothermic, and if the product have higher energy than the reactant the reaction is endothermic. 2- Elimination E1 (elimination unimolecular) And because t-butyl chloride acts as a Lewis acid (an electrophile) and combines with a nucleophile to give a substitution product, so the major product of the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water-acetone solvent is t-butyl alcohol. (Note4: electrophile: an electron deficient atom, ion or molecule that as affinity for an electron pair, and will bond to a base or nucleophile.) (Note5 : nucleophile: and atom, ion , or molecule that has an electron pair that may be donated in forming covalent bond to an electerophile.) Evaluating the mechanism: The only reactant that is undergoing change in the rate determining step is t-butyl chloride and so such reactions is a unimolecular and follow a first order equation (Sn1, E1). This means that the rate of the reaction varies directly with the concentration of t- butyl chloride. And since nucleophilic only participate in the fast second step, so their relative molar concentrations rather than their nucleiophilities are the primary product determining factor, and by using nucleophilic solvent like water, so its high concentration will assure that alcohols are the major product, and because water have a high dielectric constant (e=81) so water molecule tend to orient them-selves in such a way as to decrease the electrostatic forces between ions. And an important factor is the salvations which refer to water molecules ability stabilize ions by encasing them in a sheath of weakly bonded solvent molecules: 1- Anions are solvated by hydrogen bonding, 2- Cations are solvated by nucleophilic sites on water molecule (oxygen). And in this case of t-butyl carbonium ion the nucleophiles form strong covalent bond to carbon and converting the intermediate to a substitution product. The reaction mechanism is a sequential account of each transition state and intermediate in a total reaction, the over all rate of reaction is determined by the transition state of highest energy in the sequence, so the rate determining step is the rate determining step for both the Sn1 and E1 for t butyl chloride. (Note 6: the water soluble organic solvent acetone is used to keep a reasonable concentration of t-butyl chloride in solution) The balance equation for t-butyl chloride solvolysis in water-acetone solvent is: The effect of concentration on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in 70 %water 30 %acetone solvent. As the reaction proceeds the solution becomes increasingly acidic until all of the t -butyl chloride has reacted and all HCl that can form has formed. So we will monitor the reaction by allowing HCl formed to neutralize a predetermined amount of NaOH. An indicator dye (bromo-phenol blue) will change color when the NaOH has been neutralized, and clocking of the reaction should begin at the instant. So according to kinetic measurements: Rate of reaction = K [t butyl chloride] Where K is the specific rate constant in S -1 and [t butyl chloride] is the concentration of t-butyl chloride in M. Our kinetic measurement will depend on the determination of the amount of HCl produced by the reaction, so by monitoring the color change of the acid base indicator, we will determine the time required for 10% of t-butyl chloride to hydrolyze by having 10 % as much NaOH present as T-butyl chloride. Rate = d [Rcl] dt ; Where Rcl = -dt [Rcl] = K [Rcl] dt Rearranging, d [Rcl] = -K dt [Rcl] And integrating for t=0 to t=t will give; = Ln [Rcl] t Ln [Rcl] 0 = Kt 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = Kt [Rcl] t 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = Kt [Rcl] t Where [Rcl] 0: is the molar concentration at time t = 0 [Rcl] t: is the molar concentration at time t = t Two methods to calculate K 1- since the equation Kt = 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 [Rcl] t Is an equation of a straight line (y=mx+b) with slope k. and intercept =0, a plot of 2.303 log [Rcl] 0 / [Rcl] t versus t should yield a straight line with slope k. 2- if the solvolysis reaction run to 10% completion Then, [Rcl] = 0.90 [Rcl] 0 Kt = 2.303 Log [Rcl] 0 = 2.303 log (1.11) 0.90 [Rcl] 0 And therefore, K = 0.104 T So by finding the value of K and compensate it in the rate of reaction equation Rate = K[Rcl] where the concentration of Rcl is known we can calculate the value of the rate of reaction and we will see its effect on the solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70% water 30 % acetone solution. The effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t -butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. In nearly every instance an increase in temperature causes an increase in the rate of reaction, because the total fraction of all of the t butyl chloride 1molecules having energies equal to or greater than activation energy (Ea) Corresponds to the shaded portion of the area under the curve increases by increasing the temperature and by comparing the area for two different temperature, we see that the total fraction of t- butyl chloride molecules with sufficient kinetic energy to undergo reaction increases with increasing temperature and consequently, so does the reaction rate. Note7: changing the concentration affects the rate of reaction changing the temperature affects the rate constant as well as the rate. By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent. Quantitatively, K (s-1) is related to Ea and T by the equation K1 = Ae-Ea/RT1 1 Ea is the activation energy, in joule / mole. (Jmol-1) A is a proportionality constant, in s-1 R is the gas constant = 8.314 Jmol-1K-1 e is the base of the natural logarithms. T is temperature in Kelvin. This relation ship is known as Arrhenius equation We measure Ea by taking the natural logarithm of eq.1 Ln K = ln A Ea RT Thus, a plot of ln k versus 1/T gives a straight line whose slope is equal to -Ea/R and whose intercept with coordinate is ln A Note8: Ea is the activation energy, a constant characteristic of the reaction We can calculate the rate constant at some specific temperature if Ea and K at some other temperature are known. For any temp. T1 (known), Ea (known), K1 (known) K1 = A e -Ea/RT1 For any other T2 (known); (K2 unknown) K2 = A e -Ea/RT2 By dividing K1 over K2 K1 = A e -Ea/RT1 K2 A e -Ea/RT2 Taking natural logarithm of both sides, we get Ln K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1). K2 R Or in common logarithms (base 10 logarithms) gives: Log K1 = Ea (1/T2 1/T1) K2 2.303 R And by finding the value of K2 we will be able to find the rate of reaction at T2 and we will find the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70 % water 30 % acetone solution. By finding the values of reaction rate constant K for different concentration of t-butyl chloride and different reaction temperature, we will find the effect of concentration and temperature on the solvolysis of t-butyl chloride in water acetone solvent. Procedure: Part A: the effect of concentration on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. a- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at room temperature. A, a, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in flask #1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of Bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask #4. A, a, II:- 1- Add quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 2- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time. 4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 5- Tabulate the results in record A. b- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.2 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at room temperature. A, b, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.2 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1 and put it in another Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to an Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask #4. A, b, II:- 1- Add quickly the solution in an Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 2- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into an Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 3- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow, then we stop the stopwatch and record the time. 4- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 5- Tabulate the results in record A. Part B: the effect of temperature on the rate of solvolysis of t butyl chloride in 70%water 30%acetone solvent. a- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at zero Celsius degree. B, a, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette take 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask #4. 6- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to Erlenmeyer flask #4. B, a, II:- 1- Suspend the Erlenmeyer flasks in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the Erlenmeyer flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes. 2- Adding quickly the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 to solution in Erlenmeyer flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into Erlenmeyer flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 4- The color of the solution after that will become blue, so continue swirling the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stop watch and record the time 5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 6- Tabulate the results in record B. b- Experimental procedure: to measure the time necessary for 10 % solvolysis of t butyl chloride (0.1 M concentration) in 70 % water 30% acetone solvent at a temperature greater than room temperature by ten degrees. B, b, I:- 1- Prepare 500 ml of 0.1 M t- butyl chloride in acetone only and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #1. 2- Prepare 100 ml of 0.1 M NaOH solutions (in water) and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #2. 3- Using a burette take 30 ml of the solution in Erlenmeyer flask #1 and put it in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #3. 4- By a graduated pipette put 3 ml of sodium hydroxide 0.1 M in an Erlenmeyer flask and label it #4. 5- Using a graduated cylinder measure 67 ml of distilled water added to Erlenmeyer flask #4. 7- Add two drops of bromo-phenol blue indicator to flask #4. B, b, II:- 1- Suspend the flasks #3 and #4 in a water bath full with ice and water, allowing the temperature of the flasks and their contents to equilibrate for ten minutes.(to reach the temperature of the water bath) 2- Adding quickly the solution in flask #4 to solution in flask #3 and start the stop watch to count for time in seconds. 3- Swirl the mixture and after one or two seconds immediately pour the combined solutions back into flask #4 to minimize the errors in the results. 4- The color of the mixed solutions is blue, so continue swirling the solution in flask #4 till the instant color of the solution start changing to yellow we stop the stopwatch and record the time 5- Repeat the procedure at least three times and calculate the average. 6- Tabulate the results in record B. Record A Run number Temperature Time of 10 % reaction Average time / seconds Record B Run number Temperature Time required for 10% reaction Average time/seconds Average time/ seconds References; * E. Brady, James. E. Humiston, Gerard., General Chemistry Principles and Structure, second edition, SI version, john Willy and sons, Inc. * Brewester, Vaderwerf and McEwen. Unitized Experiments in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed. * Streitwieser, Andrew. H. Heathcock, Clayton. Introduction to Organic Chemistry. * H. Reusch, William. An Introduction to Organic Chemistry. * J. Laidler, Keith. Chemical kinetics. 2nd ed. * Search engines that where used: o www.google.com o www.yahoo.com * Goldwhite, Harold. R. Spielman, John. College Chemistry, 1984

Strategies Adopted by Walt Disney Essay Example for Free

Strategies Adopted by Walt Disney Essay Write down about strategy implemented by Walt Disney Company after the death of Roy Disney in order to improve the conditions of the company by adopting 3 major strategies. Explain the post and pre conditions of Walt Disney. Ans: From the very beginning, Disneys founder Walter Elias Disney fostered the spirit of creativity, innovation and excellence that continues to underlie all of the companys success. Walt arrived in California in the summer of 1923 with dreams and determination, but little else. He had made a short film in Kansas City about a little girl in a cartoon world, called Alices Wonderland, and he planned to use it as his pilot film to sell a series of these Alice Comedies to a distributor. On October 16, 1923, a New York distributor, M. J. Winkler, contracted to release the Alice Comedies, and this date became the formal beginning of The Walt Disney Company. Originally known as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, with Walt Disney and his brother Roy as equal partners, the company soon changed its name, at Roys suggestion, to the Walt Disney Studio, which was initially housed in a succession of storefront buildings in Hollywood before becoming established on Hyperion Avenue. So this is how Disney Company came into existence. However Walt Disney died on December 15, 1966. Roy Disney, who was older than Walt took over supervision of the company. However Roy Disney also died just two months after realizing his brothers final dream. For the next decade the company was led by a team including Card Walker, Donn Tatum, and Ron Miller, all originally trained by the Disney brothers.

Validity is important to the research process

Validity is important to the research process Sim and Wright, (2000:125) stated that, Validity relates to the truthfulness of data and requires independent knowledge of the true nature or magnitude of the entity. Clinical research scientists are much aware of the need for validity in their research. Validating the treatment is important to determine the efficacy of a treatment as well as effectiveness and the treatment provided and its outcome. It is learnt that in 1957, American Social Scientist Donald Campbell introduced the concepts of internal validity and external validity. The study has an internal validity, when the result of a study demonstrates the existence of a causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Campbell and Stanley, (1963) noted that the internal validity is the basic required accuracy for any experiment. On the other hand, the external validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study or the experiments are made applicable to the population from which the participant in the experiment is drawn. Similarly, as Thomas and Nelson, (1990) noted that the external validity is about the generalizability of the findings. The first part of this essay will discuss the concepts of internal validity and external validity, the causal effect of variables and extraneous variables with examples. In the second part, the essay will critically evaluate the implication of internal and external validity and their relationship. Due to word constraint this essay will focus only on the quantitative research. The experimental (explanatory) research concerned with cause and effect by its nature, internal validity can be discussed within the frame work of quantitative research. Furthermore, Thomas and Nelson, (1990) stated that the cause and effect can be determined by the use of good research knowledge to the experiment design. According to Judd, et al., (1991, cited in French, et al., 2001:16) the internal validity concerns the extent to which conclusions can be drawn about the casual effects of one variable on another. For example, the treatment or a cause (independent variable) such as moist heat which effectively relieves the symptoms of low back pain or an effect (dependent variable). Before establishing a cause-effect relationship, it is important to find the relationship between the treatment and the symptom. The argument is that when treatment is given, the relief in pain (outcome) is observed, but when no treatment is given no outcome is observed. This provides the evidence that, the treatment and the outcome are related. However, it does not provide the evidence that the particular treatment caused the outcome. Perhaps, it may be some other factor caused the outcome rather than the treatment. For example, if the subjects were on pain relieving medication and medication may be the confounding factor in relieving the symptoms of low back pain. If the pain relieving medication factors are not controlled, they will have a confounding influence on the independent variable which threatens the internal validity. However, sometimes it is important to emphasize that the confounding variables cannot be fully controlled. The researcher assumes that there is a casual relationship in the study and claims that, research findings have implication for other groups and individuals in other settings and time. These claims examine the external validity. Polit and Beck, (2008) stated that the external validity is a major concern in quantitative research where there is a diffic ulty in generalizing the result from controlled research settings to real clinical practice settings. For example, findings about a pain relieving treatment in a study of African women cannot be generalized to women in Australia. Finally, it is a researcher decision to design a study to enhance the external validity. The potential threats to the internal validity are history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, statistical regression, selection error and mortality. Threats to the external validity are, selection, setting and time. A few threats are discussed in the following example. A randomised control trial study was conducted by Deyle, et al., (2000), to evaluate the effectiveness of physical therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee. The study concluded that a combination of manual physical therapy and supervised exercise yields functional benefits for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and may delay or prevent the need for surgical intervention. Even though confounding variables were controlled in this study by using randomisation, treatment and placebo groups, the researcher could not overcome with the threats like maturation and other extraneous variables. During the intervention patients were also on medication and exercises. They were asked to contact the researcher after one year of the intervention for the feedback. The researcher failed to explain whether intervention caused the effect or the medication or due to result of the passage of time. Simultaneously this study lacks the generalizability due to the fact that patients had to have sufficient English language skills and were required to live within a one hour drive from the clinics. Portney and Watkins, (2009:162) stated that, extraneous variables can be controlled by the experimenter by manipulating the independent variable, by random assignment of subjects to the groups and by using a control or comparison group within the design. Masking or blinding is also be used in many quantitative research studies to prevent the bias and to strengthen the internal validity. The external validity can be strengthened by selecting the sample which represents the population and there by applying the findings to a broader group. Similarly in the representative of clinical settings where the study takes place and th e findings can be applied to strengthen the other settings. It was stated by Polit and Beck, (2008) that multisite study results are confident enough in attaining the generalizability, if the results have been replicated in several sites where the study involves a heterogeneous sample. The relationship between the internal validity and external validity refers to the famous researchers Campbell and Stanley, (1963) statement that, often external validity sacrificed if the researcher concentrates on the internal validity. It is learnt from the literatures that, many researchers have given importance to the internal validity in their studies. However, in an applied area of clinical research, the purpose is to improve the health of the public and it is also important that the external validity be emphasized and strengthened. It is true that, the researcher implements more control measures to increase the internal validity, the experiment will become more artificial and thereby the external validity suffers or decreases. Cronbach, (1982) argued that, if a treatment is expected to be relevant to a broader context, the causal inference must go beyond the specific conditions. If the study lacks generalizability, then the so-called internally valid causal effect is useless to decision makers. Polit and Beck, (2008) noted that there are many differences between the countries in methods of diagnosis and management, as well as important racial differences in susceptibility to disease and natural history of the disease. Differences between health-care systems can affect the external validity. In an article, Efficacy and Effectiveness Trials (and Other Phases of Research) in the Development of Health Promotion Programs Flay, (1985) proposes a model that emphasizes the internal and external validity at different stages of the research process and that would lead to the translation of research to practice. In a controlled experiment like randomized control trials of public health interventions, efficacy trials have a high internal validity but often have the liability of low external validity. But, effectiveness trials have a high external validity. Historically, researchers have tended to focus on maximizing the internal validity. The idea is that the inter ventions should work under highly controlled conditions than its implication to the different population groups, organizations, or settings. Similarly, Polgar and Thomas, (2008) noted that funding organizations and journals have tended to be more concerned with the scientific rigor of intervention studies than with the generalizability of results. The consequence of this emphasis on internal validity led to lack of attention to and information about external validity, which has contributed to the researchers failure to translate the study into the general population. Thus, the progress from efficacy trials to effectiveness trials has not become a reality because of the time and cost involved in the process of research to practice. As a result of the failure of this model, practitioners are often unable to determine whether the given studys findings can apply to their local setting, population or resources. However, there are several reasons for the lack of information on external va lidity being an important contributor to the failure to translate research into public health practice. Policy and administrative decision-makers are unable to determine the generalizability or breadth of applicability of research findings. In addition Hamersley, (1991) criticised that the distinction between the internal and external validity is fundamentally misleading because it reflects a failure to distinguish relations between events and relations between variables. Polit and Beck, (2008) noted that in the recent studies researchers are interested in promoting designs that aim to achieve a balance between internal and external validity in a single intervention study. Such practical (or pragmatic) clinical trials or studies attempt to maximize external validity with the smallest possible negative effect of internal validity. For example, Thomas, et al., (2006) conducted a study on randomised control trial of short course of traditional acupuncture compared with usual care of pe rsistent non-specific low back pain. The study concluded that referral to a qualified traditional acupuncturist for a short course of treatment seems safe and acceptable to patients with low back pain. However, the generalizability of this study finding rests on the assumption that participating acupuncturists, general practitioners, and patients in York are similar to those found elsewhere. According to Polit and Beck (2008), in health care research RE-AIM framework has been formed by Russell. E. Glasgow in 2006 to design and to evaluate the intervention research. It involves a scrutiny of five aspects of study like, reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation and maintenance. It may help in improving the generalizability of the research study or enhance the external validity. An Importance of an internal validity or the external validity is a controversial topic in the research community. Campbell and Stanley, (1963) stated that, a good study should be strong in both types of validi ty. The internal validity is indispensable and essential while the question of external validity is never completely answerable. In other words, Campbell and Stanleys statement implies that the internal validity is more important than the external validity. However a study with no external validity still found true relationship for the sample that was studied. For example, if the researcher conducts a study on Bangladeshi farmers in the Afghan region, the findings of the study cannot be generalize to the Chinese horticulturist in the Malaya region. But researcher still knows more about the Bangladeshi farmers. In conclusion, it is understood that, the internal validity and the external validity plays an important role in the scientific research. The internal validity establishes the truth about inferences regarding cause-effect or causal relationship. The external validity establishes the truth of conclusion that involve generalisation. As internal and external validity are fundamental to any experimental research, the researcher should aware of threatening factors. In quantitative research, the use of randomisation and the control groups reduces the threats to internal validity. Meanwhile, sample selection and settings in the research helps in controlling the threats to external validity. The strength of internal and the external validity of a study can help researchers to evaluate the relative importance of that study in an overall program of research. To balance the validity, researcher should conduct a study that emphasizes the internal validity (efficacy studies) and undertake effecti veness studies that emphasize the external validity. The internal validity and the external validity are important to building an evidence based study in the clinical research. A clear definition of concepts involved in the experiment not only ensures its validity, but also increases the chances that it could be used by other researchers wishing to carry out a follow-up or similar investigation.

wolfgang amadeus mozart Essay -- essays research papers

Mozart was considered to be the best musician/composer of all time. Mozart was a genius when it came music and composing, he was said that no other could rival him and to this day people still say that he is the best. The reason why I choose to do Mozart is the fact I do believe he is the best musician/composer of all time, and his life story is of a tragic but gifted young soul. Later on you will find out about his family, his teachings, his tragedies, and of course his accomplishments. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria, Jan. 27 1756. His parents were Leopold Mozart and his wife Anna Maria Pertl. His dad like Mozart was a successful composer, violinist and assistant concertmaster at the Salzburg court. He also had an older sister, Maria Anna (who was nicknamed "Nannerl") she played in some concerts with her brother when they were kids. With his mother he traveled to France, where he composed the Paris Symphony (1778) but he was unable to find a permanent position. Sadly he mother died in Paris. Much later in his life his father died in Austria May 17, 1787. Wolfgang started composing minuets at the astonishing age 5. When he was the age 6 his sister and he performed concerts in all the major cities all across Europe. Both were pianist but later on Mozart also became a violinist. His dad was a bit abusive to him because he was always drunk and made him practice all day and all night on the piano so that at age five he was able to perform those amazing minuets for the courts. In 1762 both the children played in Vienna for the Empress Maria Theresa and her husband Emperor Francis. For the next three years the two traveled and played for audiences in Germany, Paris, Versailles, and London. London was where Mozart created his first symphony and also is where he became friends with Johann Christian Bach, which had a huge impact on the influence of music on Mozart. Bach helped Mozart in many ways, he took him in and taught him songs and Mozart was able to replay the songs or tunes right after he heard them without having to look at the music a nd then continues the song and makes it his own. No matter how hard something was Mozart was able to overcome, he was able to think up rhythms and chords that none have ever thought of, he was able to make such grand music that people would think of him as a god. Later in his life Amadeus wa... ...Figaro and had only one last opera that was a success. Don Giovanni was the opera that gained him some lost respect in 1987. Sadly this was also the year that his dad died. Mozart’s true masterpiece a requiem was never finished due to his death. He was very ill at the time and he himself could not write down his own music he had Bach help him out with it but Bach himself had troubles of keeping up with Mozart’s pace. Some say that Mozart was poisoned but later on was proven that he was not but because of this rumor his wife received none of his wealth or fortunes. He died Dec. 5 1791 from rheumatic fever, a disease which he had suffered from repeatedly through out his life. Sadly he was not liked very much as a person and had a lonely death with a cheap funeral in an unmarked grave but at that time it was illegal to have a marked grave unless you were part of the church or were of noble blood. From what I have told in this report I hope you can realize the important of this great man and the music that he has made and why I choose him to do this paper on. Maybe now you will take a greater look at the classical music and especially the music and operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

Mirror: Reflections of Truth Essay -- essays research papers fc

â€Å"Mirror†: Reflections of Truth In Sylvia Plath’s poem â€Å"Mirror†, the reader takes a look into the messages presented and compares them with the reflections that are cast in a mirror and images in a lake. When reading this poem, we discover that the speaker is the actual reflection that gives the interpretation of its views. The first interpretation is shown as a mirror on the wall â€Å"I am silver and exact. I have no preconceptions.† (1), second as the water in the lake because she states â€Å"Now I am a lake.† (10), and third through the eyes of an aging woman that is revealed in line 17 â€Å"In me she has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman/ Rises toward her day after day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the first stanza the reflection personifies the ability to take in what it sees without judging stating â€Å"I hav...

Citibank – Performance Evaluation

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT LUCKNOW Written Executive Communication PROJECT REPORT Citibank – Performance Evaluation Submitted to – Dr. Payal Mehra Date – 26/10/2012 Submitted By Group 8, Section C Anuradha Tyagi (PGP28128) Aditya Singh (PGP28158) Bholendra P. Singh (PGP28143) K. Aditya Das (PGP28139) Vishal Raju (PGP28155) Shweta J. (PGP28159) Table of Contents 1. Abstract2 2. Brief Overview of the current situation3 3. Strategy for Case Analysis5 4. Case Analysis6 5. Recommendations9 6. Implementation11 7. References12 AbstractFrits Seegers, President of Citibank California was put in a tough spot when he had to evaluate James McGaren. Mr. McGaren had for long been a good performer, but with the new performance evaluation criteria that take customer satisfaction into consideration, he fared â€Å"below par†. It is now up to Mr. Seegers to take a call on James, should he be given an â€Å"above par† or a â€Å"below par† rating and how wi ll this be communicated to him. Brief Overview of the current situation James McGaran is the manager of the flagship office of Citibank in the Los Angeles area which also happens to be the most important of Citibank’s 31 branches.He has been a veteran not just in the banking sector but also at Citibank. He had delivered impressive financial results for four years in a row exceeding expectations every single year. But when customer satisfaction was included as a decision parameter in when it comes to evaluation, it was evident that James did not fare very well on that front. The new criteria for employee evaluation are as follows: * Financial Measures: Focus was on total revenue and profits * Strategy Implementation: Tracks revenue from a particular segment relevant to the Bank’s strategy. Customer Satisfaction: Surveys were conducted. Emphasis was laid on long term association. * Control Measures: Based on banks internal control processes. If rating < 4, bank is said t o be at risk. * People and Standards: Focused on the efforts of the manager to develop and communicate with peers/ employees. Based on the employees performance in these factors a rating was given, the various ratings that can be given were â€Å"Par†, â€Å"Below Par† and â€Å"Above Par†. Finally, a global rating and overall rating for the manager was awarded.Due to the change in performance evaluation criteria, two major complications flared up: First and foremost, Lisa Johnson has to decide the rating of James. According to bank’s rule an employee can be given above par rating if and only if he is performing at par in all the criteria. John has been excellent at five performance measurement statistics but lags in one i. e. customer satisfaction. So as per the rules he can be given â€Å"at par† rating at best. But Lisa believes that John deserves an above par rating because of his excellent work when it comes to revenues.Secondly, if Lisa decid es to give him an â€Å"at par rating†, she has to decide the best possible way to communicate her decision. She has to inform him in such a way so that it does not have any negative effect on James. Lisa wants James to stay with the company and she has to make sure that the message is communicated properly. It is clear that James will not accept a â€Å"below par† rating and at this juncture, Citibank cannot afford to lose an employee of James’ stature. This is a typical Human Resources related situation which has to be dealt with extreme caution, else there can be dire consequences.Should James’ ego be hurt, there is a good chance he will quit the company and with his credentials, he should not have much trouble getting another job. At the same time, should he be given an â€Å"above par† rating, it would go against the long term vision of the company. Strategy for Case Analysis This case focuses on the performance evaluation James McGaran. Thoug h the performance evaluation parameters adopted in Citi is highly quantified, the performance of Mr McGaran is better measured qualitatively. With a consistent â€Å"above par† rating Mr.McGaran has been a model employee. His financials were outstanding- 20% above target. His strategy implementations were highly rated. It was his branch that generated highest revenue and made the greatest margin contribution to the business. The only area he lagged was â€Å"customer satisfaction† rating. James McGaran was extremely sensitive towards his ratings. He had worked hard to improve the customer satisfaction rating during the last quarter. He felt that extremely disappointed that even with fabulous financial results his rating had suffered due to customer satisfaction.The customer satisfaction rating depends on many factors like the location of the bank, the kind of customer it catered to etc. Mr McGaran’s branch was in Los Angeles. It catered to some really high profi le people. The expectation of such demanding clientele from the branch would be comparatively higher. Besides the customer rating also involved Citibank services rating over and above the branch rating. Hence, judging it on completely quantitative factor wouldn’t provide a completely objective rating. Case Analysis Analyzing James on the new parameter is a very difficult task.As James is the manager of the most challenging branch with highly demanding clientele, it is difficult for him to be the best on all the parameter specially customer service. In five out of six parameters James has been rated above par and it is only the customer service where he has been rated below par. Now as per the new parameters he cannot be rated above par overall. But the question is whether it is rational to not rate him above par. Now if we closely analyze the bank headed by James it is clearly visible that it is one of the most demanding banks in the region not only among Citibank branches bu t also among rivals.The no. of employees at the bank are just sixteen while the clientele of the bank ranges from Households on one end to sophisticated Business customers on the other and Mom and pop store to the sophisticated retail store on the other. Now this diverse clientele has equally diverse customer service requirements. Customer service requirements of one are different from those of the others. So with a employee bas of just sixteen employees it was practically impossible for the branch to provide a very high level of customer service to the clientele.What made things worse for James was that his branch was to bear the blame for the lack of customer services for services such as ATM for which branch was not responsible but the Citibank as a whole was responsible. To add to the woes of James, one of the employee was absent for the third quarter. So very little was in the hands of the James to improve the services of the branch. The huge size of clientele was also causing problem for the branch of James as the no of branches of Citibank were significantly lower than the rivals, so the no. f clients per employee were very large and hence customer service for his branch was very bad. The biggest hurdle in the promotion of James was that other managers were looking at James. If Seeger gave any benefit to James then the other managers would also demand the same benefits and as such the entire performance evaluation system may fail. Also there was a fear that other managers may not take the new performance evaluation system seriously and the sole objective of the bank may to provide relationship banking may fail.But Seeger also knows that the performance of James was remarkable and that he should be awarded for it but at the same time he was not meeting the criterion. Also Seeger had a fear that if James is not awarded than he may be demoralised to excel at the bank and bring those above expectation financial results. Now analyzing, the new scheme propose d by Seeger to evaluate the performance of the managers. The new Scheme fails to count various factors. The new scheme has various pros and cons. Analyzing these pros and cons it is very clear that the scheme is falling short of perfectly evaluating the performance of the managers.As the scheme says that out of six parameters if the manager performs below par in even only one parameter his overall rating cannot be above par. The scheme takes an account on the downside of the performance but does not account for the excellent performance on the other fronts. Let us take the case of James, he was rated excellent in five out of six parameters but still he was not rated above par because his performance in one parameter was below par. The scheme concentrated on the downside of the performance but not on the upside.In fact the scheme became a tool to punish the managers rather than rewarding them. In place of this the bank should have weighted all the six parameters with a minimum perfor mance limit in all. In this case one could compensate the lack of performance in one parameter by excelling in other parameters. The other major shortcoming of the policy was that the policy talked of minimum performance levels. But it failed to talk about exceptional performances. As financial performance of James branch was higher than what was expected of the branch. The bank was failing to reward this exceptional performance.This was highly demoralising for James as he is not rewarded for his financial performances as that was improving the bottom-line of the company. Also one of the problems that was there with customer satisfaction was that the branch was not responsible for all the services as some services like ATM were provided centrally by the Citibank. And so the branch was not responsible for any lack of service but it was held accountable for that. Also another serious issue was that the bank targeted relationship banking but the number of clients per employee were very large as compared to the rivals.The situation was worse in the case of James as he had a very diverse clientele and only sixteen employees so it was very difficult for him to perform above par in the Customer service parameter. On analyzing it is very clear that the bank’s performance evaluation scheme has many shortcomings which have to be taken care of else the deserving manger would rather be punished than getting rewarded. And if this policy implemented as it is, it may lead to demoralization of employees and fall in overall performance of the company. RecommendationsSince five of the six performance measures in James’ year-end evaluation were â€Å"above par†, the customer satisfaction rating was the only one that caused a significant challenge and had substantial financial repercussions for James’ year-end bonus, which was a significant part of his base salary. Based on his customer satisfaction scores, which was â€Å"below par† according t o the banks written guidelines, his total evaluation could be only â€Å"on par† in spite of the fact that he excelled in five other performance areas. In this backdrop two alternatives exist for the company: Implement Lisa’s decision:According to Lisa the evaluation could cause James to consider leaving the company, not even so much because of the reduced bonus, but also because of the feeling of being treated unfairly or not being valued by the company. She recognized that losing James would be a significant loss for the bank, notwithstanding the fact that it would be hard to find as qualified and dedicated manager as James for the particular branch wherein he brought about a dramatic improvement in customer satisfaction score in the fourth quarter from 54 to 72 and took personal pride in successfully running the hardest branch in the division.Not only would it be a substantial financial shortfall in total annual compensation for James, but it would also deal a blow to his self-esteem. She was in favor of providing the due to James even though the branch couldn’t perform under customer service parameter. The outcome of the decision would have been: a. Awarding of ‘above par’ rating to James b. Overriding the system and provide James with a bonus of 30% The decision will reward James’s hard work and commitment towards the organization and will provide him the boost and motivation to perform better. However, there are cons to the decision which are much critical than the gains: a.Resentment among other 30 Branch Managers will develop and they will also demand the compensation even though they weren’t able to achieve all the parameters. Thus achievement in any five parameters of the six will led them to demand the same level of compensation even though the efforts and results are not in commensuration with James one. This is attributable because of the range provided in the Performance evaluation sheet. b. Undue f avor or biased decision will harm company’s management team reputation and will act as a precedent for deviating from defined standards. c. The very motive of the bank to improve upon the customer atisfaction level in the branches will be defeated as there wouldn’t be an incentive or motivation for James to achieve the parameters as laid down in the performance scorecard. Follow standard norms and communicate openly detailing company’s objective and concern: This alternative also serves as our recommendation for the company to adopt in this particular case. As James is not only ambitious, highly qualified employee but also a mature person. He should be briefed by both the officials in a special meeting to explain company’s position and adopting a decision to remain consistent across the bank.Even though he delivered an exceptional performance, the customer survey was the sole reason to give him an overall par rating which led to lowering of his bonus. He should be recognized and rewarded suitably for his overall excellent performance and management should express concern of their inability and problem to reward his actual contribution by rating him above par. All the reasons cited above should be duly explained to him and also future steps to be taken by the management for the improvement of the performance scorecard should also be mentioned accordingly so that his future results are not jeopardized.He should be assured of the best possible addressing of his requests and branch issues by providing him the highest priority in the issues concerned. Implementation This is the first year the balanced scorecard was implemented. Thus, the shortcoming of the scorecard is to be addressed so that all the areas are measured appropriately. Management should review the survey and get some input from Branch Managers on what indicators are more suited towards customer satisfaction which are totally under the control of th branch and not externall y linked.As a token of valuing James performance highest priority is to be assigned to his requests and he should be guided properly in the area of customer satisfaction There may be possibility of balancing other exceptional achievements with other areas and keeping rewards for some of the essential parameters separately. This will act as an additional incentive for people to always perform to the best of their capabilities. References * http://hbr. org/product/citibank-performance-evaluation/an/198048-PDF-ENG * Dr. Payal Mehra (2012),  Business Communication for Managers, Pearson Education

Throughout history there have been two main kinds of virtue

Throughout history there have been two main kinds of virtue.   One is Plato’s, in which virtue is associated with attributes such as justice, wisdom, courage and moderation, and the other is Machiavelli’s, in which is associated with being the best at any given task.   Many reasons could account for this drastic change in the definition of virtue put forth by Machiavelli, but the most important would be found in a consideration of the time period in which Machiavelli lived.   This paper will explore how and why Machiavelli’s concept of virtue came to be so different from the one Plato had originally put forth. There is ample evidence to suggest that Machiavelli was familiar with the works of Plato.   He was an avid reader of many subjects, especially those of a political nature.   He was also an admirer of Ancient Roman society and must have been exposed to many ancient authors.   There was also the fact that for all their intellectual advances in art, law, philosophy and medicine, the Renaissance Italians were indebted to the ancients.   Their practice of imitating those thinkers of ancient history led the Italians to rediscover many facts about the world, which were once only known to the ancients.   Even so, Machiavelli chose to radically change the concept of virtue to an idea that is nearly the opposite of what Plato had in mind. (Wootton xiii) The concept of virtue that Plato had in mind was most readily laid out in the Republic.   Although it is mentioned several times throughout the book, virtue generally comes to mean an attribute of the concepts already explained above.   Specifically, with regard to justice, which the Republic is most concerned with, virtue means being just.   For the citizens of a state to be virtuous, they must be just to their fellow citizens and the state itself, and for the state to be just, it must attempt to run the most virtuous state as possible. In the beginning of Book I, Socrates gets into a debate with some of his fellow citizens about the meaning of justice.  Ã‚   After Polemarchus picks up where Cepalus’s argument left off, Thrasymachus, who is getting fed up with Socrates consistently refuting the arguments of all who try, attempts to give his own definition of justice.   He demands that Socrates give his own account of justice.   But after some words, Socrates persuades Thrasymachus to put forward his concept of the virtue of justice.   The account of justice that Thrasymachus finally gives is that â€Å"justice is the advantage of the stronger.†Ã‚   It is a sort of â€Å"mite is right† argument in that whoever is ruling, and whatever they demand of their subjects must be obeyed.   If the citizens do not obey, then they are being unjust.   (Grube) The view of Thrasymachus is somewhat similar to Machiavelli’s view.   In The Prince, Machiavelli lays out his concept of virtue (which he calls virtà º) in chapter 6, which is entitled â€Å"About new kingdoms acquired with one’s own armies and one’s own skill [virtà º].†Ã‚   In the chapter, one is left with the impression that virtà º means that quality which one is endowed with when they are the best at what they are doing.   Thus a soldier is virtuous when he is successful in defeating an army, or gaining a new principality. As Machiavelli put it, â€Å"The virtuous man is the man who has those qualities that lead to success in his chosen activity.† For Machiavelli, a person need not be â€Å"good† to be virtuous.   After all, Machiavelli condoned lying, treachery, cowardness, murder, anything necessary as long as it leads to victory in the chosen field.   This idea of virtue is a far cry from that of Plato or Christianity, which had been the official religion of Italy for twelve hundred years. (Wootton) In the same chapter, Machiavelli highlights certain people who, in his opinion have been the most virtuous throughout history.   He lists, â€Å"Moses, Cyrus, Romulus, Theseus, and others like them,† to make his case.   He dismisses Moses skill because it is a skill derived from following the direct instructions of God.   But he then goes on to discuss the others because they have all â€Å"acquired existing kingdoms or founded new ones.† Machiavelli admits that, â€Å"the founders of new states have immense difficulties to overcome, and dangers beset their path, dangers they must overcome by skill and strength of purpose.†Ã‚   But as he then goes on to say, the most virtuous, â€Å"once they have overcome [the dangers], and they have begun to be idolized, having got rid of those who were jealous of their superior qualities, they are established, they are powerful, secure, honored, happy.† (Wootton) To understand why Machiavelli’s concept of virtue may have been so different from that of Plato, one need look no further than to Machiavelli himself and the time period in which he lived.   In the sixteenth century, Italy was divided into many different, competing states.   There was a near constant shift in alliances between the differing states that lead to having to be constantly aware of the possibility of danger from a neighboring state.   There was no real security in Italy; there were powerful people constantly vying for more power, and many of them willing to gain that power by any means necessary. Under this system of chaotic statehood, diplomatic officials, and military and political advisors had to constantly be alert for any new crisis that might move previously friendly states to war. (Wootton) In most of these states in Italy, torture was accepted as a legal means of obtaining confessions for crimes, or pursuing investigations into crimes.   In 1513, Machiavelli had the unfortunate circumstance of finding himself under question in regards to his supposed plotting against the Medici family, who were then in control of the new government in Florence.   He was tortured on a contraption known as a strappado.   This device is, at its simplest, a rope thrown over a high beam. The prisoner’s hands are tied behind his back and he is then lifted up several feet in the air.   If allowed to hang there for several hours or several days, he considers himself lucky.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other way of using the strappado is to allow the prisoner to fall until his feet almost touch the ground and then pull the rope tight.   The result is generally two dislocated shoulders, and extreme pain.   Machiavelli had this happen to him six times in the same investigation.   Italy in the sixteenth century was not a pleasant place to live. (Wikipedia) Machiavelli’s political career had mostly to do with military planning.   As a civil servant, his most important achievement was in 1505-6, when, in Florence, he organized a militia to replace the mercenaries upon which Florence had traditionally relied.   He was at the same time a diplomat and responsible for traveling to several different neighboring states in attempts to keep the peace.   (Wootton) In 1494, Italy was invaded and continued to be invaded on and off throughout the rest of Machiavelli’s life. And as diplomat and war advisor, his job was to find alliances in any way possible.   This is the reason Machiavelli thought it so important not for a ruler to live his life by principle, but powerfully. The Prince is an example of the way a tyrant would hold on to power.   In modern day democratic theory, some people would argue that the need for all information to be made available to the public is necessary for the public to be able to decide which path in a particular situation the state should follow.   According to The Prince the people should have no say in the direction of government and should never influence the rulers thinking, unless it would add to the ruler’s virtue. When considering the age in which Machiavelli lived and the events and responsibilities he had in life, it is easy to understand why he would view virtue so radically different than Plato.   When Machiavelli was so involved with the planning stages of military strategy, doing his best to not have Florence invaded by a hostile power, it may have been necessary to do and say things he knew were lies.   And being in an environment like that, and trying to be good at what he was doing, led Machiavelli to develop a concept of virtue that was completely distinct. Works Cited Grube, G.M.A., ed. Republic. 1st ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992. â€Å"Strappado.† Wikipedia. 08 Apr. 2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strappado>. Wootton, David, ed. The Prince. 1st ed. Indianapolis : Hackett, 1995.

Discussion Question on country competitiveness

Country competitiveness Is determined by a multitude of factors that ‘measures and compares the effectiveness of countries In providing firms with an environment that sustains the domestic and International competitiveness of those firms' (Sheehan & Lou: Chi. 5, p. 130). How a countries excel In bringing firms to contribute to the country competitiveness is the result of many factor that are evaluated yearly by the Forum in order to rank almost every country. The report is called Global Competitiveness Index, although it offers over 500 pages; the content is laid out in an orderly fashion and easy to follow.Let's have a look at how these factors/ determinants influence over FAD strategy. Country-Level, Industry-Level, Firm-Level, Individual-Level Factor-driven economies (Institutions, Infrastructure, Macroeconomic environment, Health and primary education) The level of competitiveness contributing to the country success can be well due to Its Institutional competitiveness; the competitive advantages that firms create In result of their operation wealth a specific circle of institutions is the driving capability to succeed in a socioeconomic context.Foreign firms will likely invest more where they know there is a good management of legal, lattice and economic institutions to protect their rights and property. Mature infrastructures facilitate connectivity, thus lessening the distance between territories. Strong network infrastructures interconnected with national market encourage economic development. Transport, communication and telecommunication infrastructure system is what allow entrepreneurs to do their business, quick stream of information increases global economic productivity by allowing businesses to interact and make decisions.Macroeconomic factor alone, even though stable does not Increase the country's competitiveness but a macroeconomic disorder can actively affect the economy. Workers need to be able to rely on good health services to avoid u nnecessary absenteeism. Good health has proven to enable workers to better function. Also, workers who are educated increase their efficiencies at work but are limited to more manual jobs than one where a more elaborate process is involved.Thus, a lack of basic education can also limit the growth off firm's capacity to develop. (Sheehan & Lou, up. 139) Mentioned that countries cannot be competitive on every level. Some of the week area can be mitigated through trade agreement. Paraguay is a known to experience frequent power shortages at peek hour. That may cause a MEN to choose to locate in another country if their productions demand usage of electricity.Efficiency-driven economies (Higher education and training, Goods market efficiency, Labor market efficiency, Financial market development, Technological readiness, Market size) Well-educated and continuous training is fundamental to firm who want attractive for a firm that evolves in the market technology and is always on a learni ng path to react and adapt to the fast pace IT progresses. To be better positioned in the racket, government with a well balanced set of market rules that does not restrict business productivity, but instead encourages foreign MEN to locate in the country.Per instance, restringing rules and heavy administrative paperwork causes delay that can result in missing out opportunities. In finance, there are always uncertainties, but putting all these factors together can provide a fair level of competitiveness. Not mentioned here though is the impediment of the financial economy when dealing with tax rate, interest rate, deficit and public debt in general also depend on how government manages its public accounts. An example would be a decrease in the FAD inflow in the U.S last year compared to the previous ones. Many factors that caused this decreased percentage of foreign investment are explained by Jackson,J. K. (2013) in a report prepared for committee member of Congress. Innovation-dri ven (Business sophistication, Innovation) In order to succeed in that factor, support from private and public sector is essential. For example, program subvention in R& D is often what create a breakthrough in many sectors. Developing countries don't often have the knowledge and the people like scientist to run that program.

Impact of the Internet

The Internet has dramatically altered our lives over the past few decades. Although some of these changes have been negative, the overall effect of this technology has been positive. What are your opinions on this? The Internet is one of the most wonderful inventions of human beings. Through periods of ten years, every people on the Earth have been being influenced by the global network. In my view, I strongly believe that the main impact of this technology is very good although it still has some bad sides. It is apparent that the Internet makes our lives better in some different ways.Firstly, this technology helps us to keep in touch with friends, colleagues, and relatives from anywhere. People around the world can speak face-to-face by just one click with almost free cost. Nowadays, we can follow every activity of others through some social networks, such as Facebook, Google Plus, and so on. Secondly, this is a marvelous tool for education. The Internet is a huge resource of knowle dge of human beings from ancient to the modern time. With a computer connected to this network, we can learn everything which we want to know.For instance, my brother-in-law attended an economic analyzing course held by Harvard University from Vietnam through the Internet. Finally, it supports every work which we have to do. We can do our business conveniently if we use this technology. For example, a manager can manage his project from another place. With the supporting of the Internet, we can easily book a ticket for airplane, pay for electric bills, and even shopping from our home. However, everything has two sides, and the Internet is not an exception. The first significant drawback of this change is that it makes people lazier.As the Internet is very attractive with many exciting things, people do not have time for physical activities. Therefore, almost all office staffs have problems with their eyes and bodies. In addition, it not only has a lot of good things, but it also has a great deal of bad ones, such as violent games and sexual videos. These things will cause some nasty problems for young people who cannot protect themselves. In conclusion, since some bad effects of the Internet are easily recognized and avoided, we can control them and enjoy its wonderful benefits. I am sure that many people cannot live without the Internet.

Advertising Is a Wasteful Expenditure or an Investment

Many a times, we as consumers remember the setting of the ad but forget the brand that was being advertised†¦this is definitely a pitfall and must be looked into. For an ad to have a real impact, it must be able to create brand retention. Advertising is the main source of â€Å"Customer Education† in marketing. Its main advantage to the customer is that we become aware of the products in the market and have a competitive advantage in buying the products and services. Its main advantage to the seller is in the manner of informing the prospective customers of the values of the products and capturing them. In older days, ads were on papers and pamphlets and billboards. In this electronic era, it has captured the TV and the internet. Therefore advertising is not a waste of resources. But as companies make their advertising expenditure on customer then it would be a bit problematic condition for customers as companies just look for their profits and if the advertising agency is not good then the whole budget goes waste. So i think company should be effective to make an ad as for this era advertising is an important aspect for all types of businesses. But company should not make the ads on the costs of customer’s money as they don’t give customer a big return but they have a huge returns and companies absorb bloods of poor customers. So i think that should be stop or minimized as in India rich are becoming more richer and poor becoming more poorer Advertising Is a Wasteful Expenditure or an Investment Many a times, we as consumers remember the setting of the ad but forget the brand that was being advertised†¦this is definitely a pitfall and must be looked into. For an ad to have a real impact, it must be able to create brand retention. Advertising is the main source of â€Å"Customer Education† in marketing. Its main advantage to the customer is that we become aware of the products in the market and have a competitive advantage in buying the products and services. Its main advantage to the seller is in the manner of informing the prospective customers of the values of the products and capturing them. In older days, ads were on papers and pamphlets and billboards. In this electronic era, it has captured the TV and the internet. Therefore advertising is not a waste of resources. But as companies make their advertising expenditure on customer then it would be a bit problematic condition for customers as companies just look for their profits and if the advertising agency is not good then the whole budget goes waste. So i think company should be effective to make an ad as for this era advertising is an important aspect for all types of businesses. But company should not make the ads on the costs of customer’s money as they don’t give customer a big return but they have a huge returns and companies absorb bloods of poor customers. So i think that should be stop or minimized as in India rich are becoming more richer and poor becoming more poorer

Training and Coaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Training and Coaching - Essay Example In addition, employees also clarify the organizational attitude, beliefs or behavior. Through a series of repetitive practice employees improve their output by adopting the skills learnt and also improve these skills.Coaching forms part of the training development that occurs when a coach supports a learner to achieve a professional or personal goal. In most cases, coaching is a confidential learning process designed to improve the learners’ performance, output, or personal growth. Unlike normal employee training, coaching is more effective since the coach is able to evaluate an individual’s progress. In this regard, the coach not only identifies the learner’s strengths and weaknesses, but he also provides a forum for feedback, by clarifying areas where the learner performs well and areas in which the learner must improve on.  In several instances, coaching results to the learners’ personal change in that a learner acquires clear understanding on the imp ortance of positive output towards the achievement of organizational goals. Coaching facilitates development of skills and performance aimed at specified tasks and overall job responsibility. Coaching also advocates for professional and personal development aimed at future responsibilities and professional roles.Identification of training and coaching needsIn an organization, training is often essential when employees are not meeting the organization’s standard or failing to meet the expected performance level. The difference between actual.

Managing Change in Healthcare Organisation Essay - 1

Managing Change in Healthcare Organisation - Essay Example The ABC healthcare organisation is a large multiple site facility providing a continuum of healthcare services from acute to long term care patients in hospital setting. One of its acute care facilities which provide emergency services to the community is in need of a new triage system in emergency departments. Both management and the emergency nursing staff have identified the need to improve the practice of triage in the emergency departments. Each has expressed, in written documents, the recommendation to change and implement the new national triage guidelines. At the same time, the emergency department staff has expressed dissatisfaction with how changes have been implemented in the past. They have expressed their perception that there is no formalised plan to implement change. In addition, they have also expressed, in meetings and discussions within the department, their unhappiness with the multitude of changes that have occurred within the organisation itself. The emergency staffs, themselves, have also undergone changes in their unit's management. They have gone from having their own individual managers to one manager for multiple facilities. They have also had a number of different managers over the past few years and identified a lack of consistent leadership within the department. Another issue that has also been identified in staff meetings and discussions within the department is the staff's unhappiness with how decisions are made within the department. It is their expressed perception that the system of decision making within the organisation is top/bottom. Decisions are made by management at the top and flow down to staff at the bottom, who are expected to follow them. The emergency department staff has expressed their feelings of not being listened to. They have also expressed their perception that others are making decisions and implementing changes that affect them, but no one has consulted them in the process. Lack of input and obvious planning are seen as fundamental problems. Changes are seen as being imposed without consultation or any visible change management planning or strategy (Paton & McCalman, 2008). According to Senge (1990), most organisations create fundamental learning disabilities by the way they have been taught to think, interact and d o their jobs. In this top/bottom system there is a sense of "I am my position" from the top and "the enemy is out there" from the bottom (p.18-19). These learning disabilities limit the organisation's ability to implement effective and lasting change. A change that is planned and has the commitment of the emergency department staff could be implemented successfully and be of benefit to both the patients encountering the emergency department, and the organisation itself. Identifying the Problem Nurses value quality care and patient safety (Henderson et al, 2007). Accurate decision making is important to them. Nurses want to make the right decisions but do not necessarily like the idea of change. Emergency nurses like many other professionals resist change (Paton & McCalman, 2008). In addition, the tremendous amount of change the facility emergency departments have been through in recent years can be expected to increase this resistance. "However people attracted to a field as diverse and chaotic as emergency care are usually aggressive and motivated and do not tolerate stagnation any better then they tolerate change" (MacPhail, in Budassi-Sheehy, 1992, pl). One cause of the problem is continuous change within the organisation and the perception that change is implemented without consultation or a plan of action (Harvard Business Essentials, 2003). The root cause of the problem is a lack of trust. When employees trust the management they are more likely to be more prepared and open to undertaking change but less likely if they do not feel trust. Trustworthiness needs

The Economy of Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Economy of Vietnam - Essay Example Though many of the changes have been positive in their move towards WTO membership, there are many changes yet to come and there is some anxiety in the marketplace. Sipress reports that the textile industry in Vietnam currently accounts for only 3.2% of the US imports and the elimination of quotas could have a positive effect on that number. Other industries, such as pharmaceuticals and fertilizer may suffer due to a reduction in import tariffs and the entry of foreign competitors. Companies that have come to rely on government subsidies and centralized sales will have to undergo dramatic change. A recent reshuffling in the political structure may also point to economic improvements. The addition of younger leadership and a shift of power to the more industrialized south may be able to further spur FDI. Intel's recent $300 million dollar chip factory is located in the south and may indicate another Asian technology center in the works. The changes that Vietnam began in 2000 resulted in more liberalized policies and made Vietnam's growth, and eventual admission to the WTO, possible. It demonstrates the impact that government trade policies can have on the economic climate of a country. It further shows the influence that the WTO has on global issues such as the environment and full employment. As Vietnam moves toward a more global presence, some industries will suffer hardships while others will flourish. Industries that are heavily reliant on domestic trade will have to learn to compete with imports.

Political Cartoons act as a catalyst for social and political change Essay

Political Cartoons act as a catalyst for social and political change - Essay Example Such matters are best addressed using these cartoons. Others cases here cartoons are used is to make request, exposing inhuman actions, immorality, and pushing for change (Heckel & Kvetensky 20). There different types of cartoons used to address different issues in the political environment. Each and every category of cartoon has its own complexity in getting the verbal and the visual meaning in them. Multi-genre study helps in the production of this sign as well as comprehending the, presentational, organization, and orientation aspect of this expressions. In this case, visual and verbal interrelations become different because each one of them has been fixed in their own complexities. But in real sense there is always a language between them and within them as well as some imagery or metaphor or in the aim of making the subject to have a hidden meaning. It is the duty of the reader to differentiate them in principle terms, making some combination of ideas, and ultimately getting the hidden information in the cartoon (Freud 67). The paper’s main focus is to give an over view about the political cartoons, this uses and categories. This is because different cartoons are used to deriver different information to different target groups. Different imageries are used as well in the aim of coding the information to the required complexity and for the appropriateness in delivering the intended information (Giora 470). Both the qualitative and quantitative research methodologies are important in conducting a research. This is in the aim of coming up with a solid conclusions which is reliable for further analytical studies. Observation is the most suitable method in coming up with a detailed out come because almost all the inclusion in this review are revolving in an about cartoon images. It incorporated both the past and the present records as far as the subject is concerned, as well as other relevant records (Hudak 780). Animal